We present an analysis and demonstration of using laser-speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) as a sensing modality for presentation attack detection in biometric authentication systems. We provide the design of an experimental testbed for the quantitative characterization of LSCI and measurement results for optimization of the parameters of the active imaging testbed. LSCI has traditionally been used as a qualitative tool for identification of blood flow in dermal micro-vasculature for diagnosis of tissue health. We have built a laboratory phantom model, simulating blood flow beneath diffuse tissue to enable quantitative characterization of the performance of LSCI as a function of both target and imaging system parameters. Our first testbed configuration was an objective LSCI setup, detecting unfocused light on a focal plane array. In objective configuration, we characterized speckle size and speckle contrast as a function of the testbed parameters. In the second testbed configuration, we evaluated the performance of objective LSCI for complex fluid flow scenes. Finally, we report on the quantitative measurement of speckle contrast as a function of fluid flow rate, thereby demonstrating the use of optimized LSCI as an important sensing modality for the detection of presentation attacks in biometric authentication systems.
Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imagers using a single radiometer, called single pixel imagers, employ raster scanning to produce images. A serious drawback of such a single pixel imaging system is the long acquisition time needed to produce a high-fidelity image, arising from two factors: (a) the time to scan the whole scene pixel by pixel and (b) the integration time for each pixel to achieve adequate signal to noise ratio. Recently, compressive sensing (CS) has been developed for single-pixel optical cameras to significantly reduce the imaging time and at the same time produce high-fidelity images by exploiting the sparsity of the data in some transform domain. While the efficacy of CS has been established for single-pixel optical systems, its application to PMMW imaging is not straightforward due to its (a) longer wavelength by three to four orders of magnitude that suffers high diffraction losses at finite size spatial waveform modulators and (b) weaker radiation intensity, for example, by eight orders of magnitude less than that of infrared. We present the development and implementation of a CS technique for PMMW imagers and shows a factor-of-ten increase in imaging speed.
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