Under thermal loading, low stress assembly is one of the key factors to ensure the pointing stability of the splitting prism assembly in a multiband optical mechanical system. By analyzing the common bonding methods of prism assembly, the factors affecting the bonding stability include the transverse stress of multi-point bonding, the internal stress of the adhesive and the longitudinal stress perpendicular to the bonding surface. Then, the optimization methods are proposed, e.g., reducing the span of bonding surface, increasing the free end area of bonding and adding longitudinal constraints. The simulation results show that the variety of all surfaces of the prism is restrained under the temperature load of - 45 ℃ to 60 ℃, the change of surface shape is reduced from 0.381µm to 0.148µm at 60 ℃ and from 0.982µm to 0.553µm at - 45 ℃, which improves the pointing stability of the splitting prism. It’s indicated that this bonding technology can effectively improve the pointing stability of splitting prism and can be applied to the engineering design of the precision optical system.
Photon counting lidar is a high-sensitivity laser active imaging method. It can obtain more three-dimensional point cloud data under the same size, weight and power consumption. Through the use of photon counting lidar and image fusion process, the electro-optical system, such as visible light and infrared camera, could generate grayscale images and videos with distance, position and other information of the targets. In this paper, a Fusion Imaging System with Visible Light Camera and Photon Counting Lidar was designed. Visible light image and high-resolution photon counting threedimensional point clouds could be obtained by the system. Fiber array coupled Geiger-APDs were used as the single photon detectors in the system to acquire three-dimensional information with two-dimensional scanner. A CMOS camera was used to acquire gray visible light image in the system. The time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) filter algorithm was used to process the single photon points in order to filter the noise signals and extract valid signals. The fusion processing algorithm of the imaging system was designed by using the direct linear transformation algorithm. The performance of the system was verified through experiments. The results show that the three-dimensional imaging range exceeds 1000m under the day light condition. The ranging accuracy of the system is 0.083m. Pixel-level fusion of visible light image and three-dimensional image could be realized at 1024×768 resolution, which effectively improves the detection and recognition capabilities of the system.
Photon counting lidar has an ultra-high sensitivity which can be hundreds even thousands of times higher than the linear detection lidar. It can significantly increase the system’s capability of detection rang and imaging density, saving size and power consumings in airborne or space-borne applications. Based on Geiger-mode Si avalanche photodiodes (Si-APD), a prototype photon counting lidar which used 8 APDs coupled with a 1×8-pixel fiber array has been made in June, 2011. The experiments with static objects showed that the photon counting lidar could operate in strong solar background with 0.04 receiving photoelectrons on average. Limited by less counting times in moving platforms, the probability of detection and the 3D imaging density would be lower than that in static platforms. In this paper, a latest fiber array coupled multi-channel photon counting, 3D imaging, airborne lidar system is introduced. The correlation range receiver algorithm of photon counting 3D imaging is improved for airborne signal photon events extraction and noise filter. The 3D imaging experiments in the helicopter shows that the false alarm rate is less than 6×10-7, and the correct rate is better than 99.9% with 4 received photoelectrons and 0.7MHz system noise on average.
Photon counting laser radar is the most sensitive and efficiency detection method of direct-detection laser radar. With the use of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) or other single photon detectors, every laser photon could be
sufficiently used for ranging and three-dimensional imaging. The average energy of received laser signal could be as low as a single photon, or even less than one. This feature of photon counting laser radar enables ranging under conditions of long range, low laser pulse energy, and multi-pixel detection, while receiver size, mass, power, and complexity of laser radar are reduced. In this paper, a latest multi-channel photon counting 3D imaging laser radar system using fiber array coupled Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) is introduced. Detection model based on Poisson statistics of a photon counting laser radar is discussed. A laser radar system, working under daylight condition with ultra-low signal level (less than single photon per pulse), has been designed and analyzed with the detection model and photon counting three-dimensional imaging theory. A passively Q-switched microchip laser is used to transmit short sub-nanosecond laser pulses at 532nm. The output laser is divided into 1×8 laser spots, which correspond to 8 Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes coupled by a 1×8-pixel fiber array. A FPGA based time-to-digital converter (TDC), which is designed by delay line interpolation technology, is used for multi-hit signal acquisition. The algorithm of photon counting three-dimensional imaging is developed for signal photon events extraction and noise filter. Three-dimensional images under daylight conditions were acquired and analyzed. The results show that system could operate at strong solar background. The ranging accuracy of the system is 6.3cm (σ) while received laser pulse signal level is only 0.04 photoelectrons on average. The advantages and feasibility of photon counting laser radar working at daylight have been demonstrated experimentally.
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