A vehicle detection algorithm is presented for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. This method formulates the detection mission within a sparse representation (SR) fusion frame. A set of residuals, for one specific feature, is first generated by performing the sparse reconstructions over dictionaries associated with the available set of possible targets. They are then normalized and further formed into a single residual sequence. After the collection of all residual sequences for all types of features, a linear fusion strategy is applied to the sequences to infer an optimal target estimate. As the final decision is made based on the residual fusion related with the concatenation of multiple features, this algorithm exhibits strong discriminative powers with respect to target confirmation. Moreover, a merging technique is developed to integrate a more accurate region for each vehicle. The test results based on real scene data show that the presented method is superior to some state-of-the-art alternatives.
The requirement of high range resolution results in impractical collection of every returned laser pulse due to the limited response speed of imaging detectors. This paper proposes a phase coded sequence acquisition method for signal preprocessing. The system employs an m-sequence with N bits for demonstration with the detector controlled to accumulate N+1 bits of the echo signals to deduce one single returned laser pulse. An indoor experiment achieved 2 μs resolution with the sampling period of 28 μs by employing a 15-bit m-sequence. This method shows the potential to improve the detection capabilities of narrow laser pulses with the detectors at a low frame rate, especially for the imaging lidar systems. Meanwhile, the lidar system is able to improve the range resolution with available detectors of restricted performance.
The conventional phase coded lidar systems require the collection of every returned laser pulse and are restricted in
range resolution by sampling frequency and subpulse width. A phase coded lidar system with high range resolution is
proposed with the accumulated m-sequence acquisition method by utilizing detector characteristics for signal detection.
The detector accumulates kN-1 or kN+1 bits of the emitted laser sequence to deduce the a single bit of the sequence. The
indoor experiment achieved 2 us resolution with the sampling period of 28 and 32 us by employing a 15-bit m-sequence.
This method achieves the acquisition of m-sequence with narrow subpulse width whereas the sampling frequency is kept
low. The experiment results showed an approach to implement the phase coded imaging lidar into practical application.
90° and 180°-switched-line phase shifters using composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH TL) are presented.
To achieve a relatively constant phase shift over a large bandwidth, CRLH TLs implemented using lumped elements and
right-handed transmission lines (RH TLs) are used as the reference and delay arms, respectively, of the phase shifters.
Computer simulation is used to study and design the phase shifters. The phase shifters are also fabricated and measured
to verify the simulation results. For comparison, traditional 90° and 180°-switched-line phase shifters are also designed
and simulated. Simulation and measurement results show that, the proposed phase shifters have a constant phase shift, a
high return loss and a low insertion loss across the operating frequency band.
This paper presents the design of a circular-shaped ultra-wideband (UWB) time-delay lines inspired by the use of
composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) unit cells. A rotated version of a conventional CRLH TL unit
cell is used as the basic element to achieve UWB operation. For comparison, time-delay lines using the right-handed
transmission line (RH TL) and CRLH TL unit cells are also studied, fabricated and tested. Simulation and measurement
results show that our proposed time-delay lines have high return loss, low insertion loss, UWB operation and much
longer time delays than that of the time-delay line based on RH TL.
Since Geiger mode Avalanche Photodiode (GmAPD) device was applied in laser radar system, the performance of
system has been enhanced due to the ultra-high sensitivity of GmAPD, even responding a single photon. However, the
background noise makes ultra-high sensitive GmAPD produce false alarms, which severely impacts on the detection of
laser radar system based on Gm-APD and becomes an urgent problem which needs to be solved. To address this
problem, a few times accumulated two-GmAPDs strategy is proposed in this paper. Finally, an experimental
measurement is made under the background noise in sunny day. The results show a few times accumulated two-
GmAPDs strategy can improve the detection probability and reduce the false alarm probability, and obtain a clear 3D
image of target.
This paper presents an equivalent direct detection receiver model by statistical method which simplifies the random
impulse responses of electrons counting of returned signal, background radiation and dark current as a Gaussian random
process with high enough gain. An investigation based on Gaussian distribution of system output in ICCD scannerless
range-gated Lidar system is conducted with the calculations of error probability, absolute error and relative error. As the
unique manipulated variable, optimized system gains are calculated separately based on the Gaussian model of the
random process to achieve the lowest error probability, the lowest absolute error and relative error. The simulations show
that the values of optimized gains tend to increase along with the target distance, although the increasing speeds are
different. To meet multiple requests, an evaluation model based on cost function is constructed with different weights.
The simulation shows that the evaluation model is capable of setting optimized gains for different circumstances and the
settings of the weights are vital to the performance of Lidar system.
Scannerless laser imaging radar will be the trend of laser imaging radar in future because it has several advantages of
high frame rate, wide field of view, small size and high reliability owing to giving up mechanical scanner. A scannerless
gain-modulated three-dimensional laser imaging radar is developed: Our system consists of a pulsed laser which is
capable of generating 100mJ pulses with a pulse width of 10ns and a center wavelength of 532 nm, and a receiver which
is a digital CCD sensor coupled to a GEN II intensifier with a 10nm bandwidth optical filter. The homogenized light
beam passes through a diverging lens to flood illuminate the targets. The return light is collected by a Nikon camera lens
and amplified by the image intensifier which is electronically driven and can be set to exponentially modulated gain or
constant gain. The CCD sensor can record a 12 bit gray-level image with a resolution of 780×582 pixels at a 50 Hz frame
rate. For a range image of the target can be extracted by processing an intensity image with exponentially modulated gain
and an intensity image with constant gain, the range image is acquired at a 25 Hz frame rate. During our outdoor
experiment, the range image of the targets at 500m is acquired with 2m range accuracy and the range image of the targets
at about 1 kilometer is acquired with 5m range accuracy in daytime.
Ladar system simulation is to simulate the ladar models using computer simulation technology in order to
predict the performance of the ladar system. This paper presents the developments of laser imaging radar
simulation for domestic and overseas studies and the studies of computer simulation on ladar system with
different application requests. The LadarSim and FOI-LadarSIM simulation facilities of Utah State University
and Swedish Defence Research Agency are introduced in details. This paper presents the low level of
simulation scale, un-unified design and applications of domestic researches in imaging ladar system
simulation, which are mostly to achieve simple function simulation based on ranging equations for ladar
systems. Design of laser imaging radar simulation with open and modularized structure is proposed to design
unified modules for ladar system, laser emitter, atmosphere models, target models, signal receiver, parameters
setting and system controller. Unified Matlab toolbox and standard control modules have been built with
regulated input and output of the functions, and the communication protocols between hardware modules. A
simulation based on ICCD gain-modulated imaging ladar system for a space shuttle is made based on the
toolbox. The simulation result shows that the models and parameter settings of the Matlab toolbox are able to
simulate the actual detection process precisely. The unified control module and pre-defined parameter settings
simplify the simulation of imaging ladar detection. Its open structures enable the toolbox to be modified for
specialized requests. The modulization gives simulations flexibility.
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