Electronic distance measuring instruments (EDMs) are devices used by surveyors where calibrated tape measures are not adequate or appropriate. Modern EDMs are generally accurate and reliable, are commonly capable of measuring up to 6 km, and may be combined with an electronic theodolite in a total station unit. Precise traceable calibration of EDMs is possible using a linear displacement interferometer, for example, with the respective reflectors in back-to-back configuration. Calibration data may be analysed for scale error and cyclical error. The distances so calibrated are usually constrained by the length of laboratory (and/or straight rails) available, as well as by the maximum working distance of the interferometer, but may be extended further with caution by the introduction of mirrors to fold the EDM beam. This paper describes the apparatus used to calibrate an EDM up to 200 m in a 60 m laboratory, and investigates some of the problems and artefacts that can arise, for example, from unwanted intermediate reflections of the EDM beam.
This paper describes the design of a facility to calibrate electronic distance measuring instruments (EDMs), as used in surveying (electronic theodolites) and large scale industrial measurement, over the range of 0 to 60 m. The combined uncertainty of the system at 60 m, estimated at the 95 percent confidence level, is expected to be 0.4 mm. The EDM is compared with a heterodyne laser measurement system in a back-to-back configuration. The trolley carrying the optics travels on aluminium rails. In order to improve the straightness of the path followed by the reflectors during measurement, the trolley optics are mounted on a two-axis motorized translation stage which uses a quadrant diode to track an additional guiding laser beam parallel to the required path. Once programmed, the trolley tracking electronics are autonomous and no connection is necessary to external power or control sources for that. However, radio frequency remote control of the motor propelling trolley motor would assist the measurements.
There has been much study of the penetration of semi- infinite and finite thickness targets by long rods at normal incidence. The effects of oblique impact have received relatively little attention and techniques of modeling are thus less developed. It was decided to conduct an experimental investigation of the effects of rod penetration at various angles of impact at zero yaw. The rods were mounted in a reverse ballistic configuration so that their response could be quantified through the impact. Scale copper, mild steel and tungsten alloy rods with hemispherical ends were suspended at the end of the barrel of a 50 mm gas gun at the University of Cambridge. The rods were instrumented with embedded manganin piezoresistive stress gauges. Annealed aluminum, duraluminum and rolled homogeneous armor plates of varying thickness and obliquity were fired at the rods at one of two velocities. The impacts were backlit and photographed with an Ultranac FS501 programmable high-speed camera operated in framing mode. The gauges were monitored using a 2 GH s-1 storage oscilloscope. Rods and plates were recovered after the impact for microstructural examination. Additionally, penetration of borosilicate glass targets was investigated using high-speed photography and a localized Xe flash source and schlieren optics. Additional data was obtained by the use of flash X-ray. Waves and damage were visualized in the glass. High-speed sequences and gauge records are presented showing the mechanisms of penetration and exit seen during impact.
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