Madhuri Thakur, Dmitry Melnik, Heather Barnett, Kevin Daly, Christine Moran, Wei-Shun Chang, Stephan Link, C. Theodore Bucher, Carter Kittrell, Robert Curl
A wide-field four-channel fluorescence imager has been developed. The instrument uses four expanded laser beams to image a large section (6 mm×9 mm). An object can be sequentially illuminated with any combination of 408-, 532-, 658-, and 784-nm lasers for arbitrary (down to 1 ms) exposure times for each laser. Just two notch filters block scattered light from all four lasers. The design approach described here offers great flexibility in treatment of objects, very good sensitivity, and a wide field of view at low cost. There appears to be no commercial instrument capable of simultaneous fluorescence imaging of a wide field of view with four-laser excitation. Some possible applications are following events such as flow and mixing in microchannel systems, the transmission of biological signals across a culture, and following simulations of biological membrane diffusion. It can also be used in DNA sequencing by synthesis to follow the progress of the photolytic removal of dye and terminator. Without utilizing its time resolution, it can be used to obtain four independent images of a single tissue section stained with four targeting agents, with each coupled to a different dye matching one of the lasers.
In this paper we have investigated the utility of Lau phase interferometer with white light source and circular gratings to measure temperature and temperature profile of an axisymmetric flame. In Lau phase interferometer the two gratings are separated by infinite distance. The third grating is placed at a distance Z equals n.p2(lambda) , (where n is an integer, d is the pitch of the grating and (lambda) is the wavelength of the white light source). The sensitivity of the system is determined by the pitch 'p' of the grating and the distance Z between the gratings. If the distance Z between the two gratings is increased to enhance the sensitivity, the accuracy of measurement is reduced because of the reduction in the fringe contrast. In white light Lau phase interferometer the fringe contrast can be improved by optimizing the self-image plane and the pitch of the grating. From the recorded interferogram the angle of deflection ((phi) ) is measured and temperature at a different point of the flame is calculated. The temperature measured using Lau phase interferometer is in good agreement with the temperature measured by thermocouple and dataloger. Details of the theoretical analysis and experimental results are presented.
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