This conference presentation, “Parametric phase-sensitive amplification in silicon nitride waveguides” was recorded for the Nonlinear Optics and its Applications 2022 conference at SPIE Photonics Europe 2022.
We present our recent work on high-speed optical interconnects with advanced modulation formats and directly modulated 850 nm VCSELs. Data transmission at nearly 100 Gbps was achieved with 4-PAM. Forward error correction, equalization and preemphasis are also explored. The system aspects of the advanced modulation formats and their impact on the VCSEL requirements are discussed. Requirements on the optical output power, frequency response and the relative intensity noise are discussed. Finally, co-optimization of the VCSELs and VCSEL driver amplifiers in CMOS and InP technologies is discussed.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers and multi-mode fibers is the dominating technology for short-reach optical interconnects in datacenters and high performance computing systems at current serial rates of up to 25-28 Gbit/s. This is likely to continue at 50-56 Gbit/s. The technology shows potential for 100 Gbit/s.
Coherent optical communication systems applying modulation formats with a dimensionality of four or higher are investigated and compared to systems using conventional formats. Higher dimensionality can be achieved by applying modulation over more than one polarization, time-slot, wavelength, mode or core. Both uncoded systems and systems applying forward-error correction (FEC) coding are studied in terms of spectral efficiency and sensitivity. It is shown that increasing the dimensionality for a constant spectral efficiency improves the sensitivity substantially if no coding is applied, whereas the corresponding gains generally are much smaller in FEC-coded systems.
Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers (PMFL) performances strongly depend on the type and position of the elements
used in the cavity. We report, based on various experimental attempts to improve the performances of PMFL, an increase
of up to seven times of the sol tonic stability if a length of dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) is introduced between
the amplifier and the saturable absorber. This area of the cavity is very important, as found when using the same length
of DCF in other positions. We also observe that the performances of the laser are improved; for the same pumping power
the spectral width of the sol tonic pulse grows and its duration decreases sensitively. The optimum length of the DCF
depends on cavity properties such as total length, cavity gain, and attenuation.
We have explored the possibility to extend the data transmission rate for standard 850-nm GaAs-based VCSELs beyond
the 10 Gbit/s limit of today's commercially available directly-modulated devices. By sophisticated tailoring of the design
for high-speed performance we demonstrate that 10 Gb/s is far from the upper limit. For example, the thermal
conductivity of the bottom mirror is improved by the use of binary compounds, and the electrical parasitics are kept at a
minimum by incorporating a large diameter double layered oxide aperture in the design. We also show that the intrinsic
high speed performance is significantly improved by replacing the traditional GaAs QWs with strained InGaAs QWs in
the active region. The best overall performance is achieved for a device with a 9 μm diameter oxide aperture, having in
a threshold current of 0.6 mA, a maximum output power of 9 mW, a thermal resistance of 1.9 °C/mW, and a differential
resistance of 80 Ω. The measured 3dB bandwidth exceeds 20 GHz, and we experimentally demonstrate that the device is
capable of error-free transmission (BER<10-12) under direct modulation at a record-high bit-rate of 32 Gb/s over 50 m of
OM3 fiber at room temperature, and at 25 Gb/s over 100 m of OM3 fiber at 85 °C. We also demonstrate transmission at
40 Gb/s over 200 m of OM3+ fiber at room temperature using a subcarrier multiplexing scheme with a spectrally
efficient 16 QAM modulation format. All transmission results were obtained with the VCSEL biased at current densities
between 11-14 kA/cm2, which is close to the 10 kA/cm2 industry benchmark for reliability. Finally, we show that by a
further reduction of the oxide capacitance and by reducing the photon lifetime using a shallow surface etch, a record
bandwidth of 23 GHz for 850 nm VCSELs can be reached.
Mode-locked fiber lasers present many behaviors which are perfectly adapted to the laser cavity components. In this paper we will present some experimental data for the pulse resulted through its splitting and recombining after traveling through two different fibers. We will also check and discuss its stability in different cases, explicate the behavior and the possible benefits in optical communications.
By measuring and observing the different behaviors of the solitonic pulse we can obtain the main characteristics of the ring elements related to the solitons. We report on the experimental observation of passive harmonic mode locking stability for solitonic pulses with the wavelength between 1535 nm and 1565 nm for different setups of the ring containing different elements. We will also have in view the necessities of pulse synchronizing for optical communications.
We review and discuss various aspects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) both with respect to impairments on optical transmission systems, as well as mitigation methods. Some novel statistical properties of the outage probability in transmission lines with finite number of birefringent elements is also presented.
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