ACCESS is one of four medium-class mission concepts selected for study in 2008-9 by NASA's Astrophysics Strategic
Mission Concepts Study program. ACCESS evaluates a space observatory designed for extreme high-contrast imaging
and spectroscopy of exoplanetary systems. An actively-corrected coronagraph is used to suppress the glare of diffracted
and scattered starlight to contrast levels required for exoplanet imaging. The ACCESS study considered the relative
merits and readiness of four major coronagraph types, and modeled their performance with a NASA medium-class space
telescope. The ACCESS study asks: What is the most capable medium-class coronagraphic mission that is possible with
telescope, instrument, and spacecraft technologies available today? Using demonstrated high-TRL technologies, the
ACCESS science program surveys the nearest 120+ AFGK stars for exoplanet systems, and surveys the majority of
those for exozodiacal dust to the level of 1 zodi at 3 AU. Coronagraph technology developments in the coming year are
expected to further enhance the science reach of the ACCESS mission concept.
This paper describes new, large, ultra-lightweight, replicated, actively controlled mirrors, for use in space telescopes.
These mirrors utilize SiC substrates, with embedded solid-state actuators, bonded to Nanolaminate metal foil reflective
surfaces. Called Actuated Hybrid Mirrors (AHMs), they use replication techniques for high optical quality as well as
rapid, low cost manufacturing. They enable an Active Optics space telescope architecture that uses periodic image-based
wavefront sensing and control to assure diffraction-limited performance, while relaxing optical system fabrication,
integration and test requirements.
ACCESS (Actively-Corrected Coronagraph for Exoplanet System Studies) develops the science and engineering case for
an investigation of exosolar giant planets, super-earths, exo-earths, and dust/debris fields that would be accessible to a
medium-scale NASA mission. The study begins with the observation that coronagraph architectures of all types (other
than the external occulter) call for an exceptionally stable telescope and spacecraft, as well as active wavefront
correction with one or more deformable mirrors (DMs). During the study, the Lyot, shaped pupil, PIAA, and a number
of other coronagraph architectures will all be evaluated on a level playing field that considers science capability
(including contrast at the inner working angle (IWA), throughput efficiency, and spectral bandwidth), engineering
readiness (including maturity of technology, instrument complexity, and sensitivity to wavefront errors), and mission
cost so that a preferred coronagraph architecture can be selected and developed for a medium-class mission.
Large optics for space will undergo a revolutionary change in the early 21st century. Conventional discrete manufacturing technology will be replaced by an integrated materials approach conducted on the mesoscale level. Integrated Zonal Meniscus is a revolutionary design and manufacturing approach for ultra-lightweight active mirrors that departs radically from the prevailing composite mirror designs and optical processing methods. The integration of actuators, sensors and electronics directly into a silicon carbide thin meniscus mirror substrate has decided advantages over conventional passive and active mirror configurations. The mirror is given the ability to compensate for optical wavefront errors in a configuration that reduces the overall areal density below 10 kg/m2. Our design and manufacturing approach are scaleable to 8-meter class mirrors and beyond.
Xinetics has been investigating ferroelectric actuator materials to meet the greater amplitude and higher bandwidth operation for the large mirror actuators of the 21st Century. This class of actuators features precision displacement control in terms of set-point accuracy and resolution, exhibits excellent dynamic response in terms of bandwidth and temporal response and feature thermal stability in terms of low power dissipation and low thermal expansion. High strain single crystal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) actuators exhibit strains 3 times greater than the current ferroelectric PMN-based ceramic formulation. In addition, the lower dielectric constant of the single crystal material enables increased bandwidth operation. The major limitation to bringing single crystal multilayer devices to production levels is assembly cost and high operating voltages. A new technology in which the grains in the ceramic material are oriented - Nanotextured Ceramics - offers a technology to achieve near single crystal performance in a low cost, low voltage cofired multilayer actuator device. In this paper, we will discuss Xinetics’ solid state actuator development from randomly oriented ceramic to single crystal oriented materials.
Active wavefront correction of a space telescope provides a technology path for extremely high contrast imaging astronomy at levels well beyond the capabilities of current telescope systems. A precision deformable mirror technology intended specifically for wavefront correction in a visible/near-infrared space telescope has been developed at Xinetics and extensively tested at JPL over the past several years. Active wavefront phase correction has been demonstrated to 1-Angstrom rms over the spatial frequency range accessible to a mirror with an array of actuators on a 1-mm pitch. High density deformable mirror technology is based on a modular actuator arrays that are scalable to 1000s of actuator elements coupled to the surface of a thin mirror facesheet. Precision actuator control is done by using a low-power, vacuum compatible multiplexed driver system. Mirror surface figure, actuator influence function, and dimensional stability will be given in the context of the Eclipse point design for a coronagraphic space telescope.
Conventional telescopes whether for ground or space feature a highly accurate primary mirror coupled to a secondary and other mirrors using a stiff metering structure. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in aperture size (8 to 10-meters on the ground) and 2.4-meters in space. It is our position that highly active components made using revolutionary new materials will enable the reduction of mass, provide Angstrom level wavefront control, and enable highly integrated compact space telescope designs. It is the intent of this paper to discuss a roadmap on a component basis that can serve as a building block for future telescope systems having lower areal density, larger mirror apertures, and greater resolution and bandwidth. Precision actuators under computer control are being developed that enable Angstrom level control of the telescope structure. Structural materials such as silicon carbide provide the ability to make mirrors with an order of magnitude lower areal density while retaining dimensional stability, high natural resonance, and excellent optical quality. Highly active primary mirror configurations that combine the relative merits of control actuators and silicon carbide will provide an order of magnitude increase in control authority. Deformable mirrors having 10,000+ actuator channels offer the potential to field coronagraphic instruments that can image planets about distant stars. Multi-functional optics that integrates both tilt and fine phase control functions in a single device enable wavefront control in a very compact package. Low power, vacuum compatible drive electronics designed specific to the actuator operating mode are being developed in a hybrid microelectronics package. Material processing on the nanoscale provides the basis for a new class of functional hybrid materials that feature the scaling of polymers, the dimensional stability of ceramics, and the structural strength of metals.
Advances in the fabrication of adaptive ceramic modules result in compact components that can be adapted to a variety of applications. The adaptive tertiary is a unique component that can provide a variety of functions. Individual modules integrated with a tip/tilt stage can provide auxiliary phasing control of future large segmented telescopes. In addition, each module can contain hundreds of individual actuators allowing the devices to also act as high-spatial frequency deformable mirrors. Measurements have shown that pathfinder devices can be assembled well within the capture range
of the devices. This demonstrates the overall feasibility of the concept.
KEYWORDS: Actuators, Cryogenics, Mirrors, Deformable mirrors, Temperature metrology, James Webb Space Telescope, Interferometers, Capacitance, Space telescopes, Silicon
Xinetics is working with NASA to develop a cryogenic deformable mirror (DM) specific to the needs of future Origins Program missions such as TPF and JWST. Of utmost importance was the development of an electroceramic material that exhibited electrostrictive properties at cryogenic temperatures. In this paper, the actuator developmental tests and subsequent cryogenic deformable mirror design and cryogenic testing performance of the 349-channel discrete actuator deformable mirror demonstrator are discussed. The cofired actuator stroke response was nearly constant from 35 to 65 K such that at 150V the actuator free-stroke was ~3 microns. The 349-ch cryogenic DM was designed and built with as few parts and materials as possible to minimize the CTE mismatch. The polished mirror was cycled twice from 300 to 35 K. The rms surface figure was monitored using a Zygo interferometer on cooling and consistent data was measured
during both temperature cycles. The figure changed from 0.5 waves (P-V) at 300 K to 5 waves at 35 K and returned to 0.6 waves at 300K. The actuators were powered and the influence functions were measured between 35 and 65 K. Even though it is not a functional DM at 35 K, it is a substantial step forward in the development of a cryogenic
deformable mirror technology.
Active wavefront correction of a space telescope provides a technology path for extremely high contrast imaging astronomy at levels well beyond the capabilities of current telescope systems. A precision deformable mirror technology intended specifically for wavefront correction in a visible/near-infrared space telescope
has been developed at Xinetics and extensively tested at JPL over the past several years. Active wavefront phase correction has been demonstrated to 1 Angstrom rms over the spatial frequency range accessible to a mirror with an array of actuators on a 1 mm pitch. It is based on a modular electroceramic design that is scalable to
1000s of actuator elements coupled to the surface of a thin mirror facesheet. It is controlled by a low-power multiplexed driver system. Demonstrated surface figure control, high actuator density, and low power dissipation are described. Performance specifications are discussed in the context of the Eclipse point design for a coronagraphic space telescope.
Eclipse is a proposed Discovery-class mission to perform a sensitive imaging survey of nearby planetary systems, including a complete survey for Jupiter-sized planets orbiting 5 AU from all stars of spectral types A-K to distances of 15 pc. Eclipse is a coronagraphic space telescope concept designed for high-contrast visible wavelength imaging and spectrophotometry. Its optical design incorporates essential elements: a telescope with an unobscured aperture of 1.8 meters and optical surfaces optimized for smoothness at critical spatial frequencies, a coronagraphic camera for suppression of diffracted light, and precision active optical correction for suppression of light scattered by residual mirror surface irregularities. For reference, Eclipse is predicted to reduce diffracted and scattered starlight between 0.25 and 2.0 arcseconds from the star by at least three orders of magnitude compared to any HST instrument. The Eclipse mission offers precursor science explorations and critical technology validation in
support of coronagraphic concepts for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). A baseline three-year science mission would provide a survey of the nearby stars accessible to TPF before the end of this decade, promising fundamental new insights into the nature and evolution of possibly diverse planetary systems associated with our Sun's nearest neighbors.
We discuss conceptual design issues for a 1600 actuator tweeter mirror/multiconjugate AO upgrade to the 349 actuator Palomar Adaptive Optics System (PALAO). Based upon a 42 X 42 actuator Photonex deformable mirror technology, developed by Xinetics, Inc., this upgrade would enable unique science at visible wavelengths and deliver unprecedented near-infrared Strehl ratios for modestly bright (mV equals 9) guide stars. When used in conjunction with the existing 349 actuator Xinetics, Inc. deformable mirror, a series of pressing issues regarding the practical utility of multiconjugate adaptive correction for extremely large telescopes could be addressed. By utilizing a low noise (EEV39) wavefront sensor camera developed by SciMeasure Analytical Systems, Inc., this system would provide on-axis K-band Strehl ratio of > 95%, improving scientific throughput and enabling the detection and spectroscopy of unresolved companions in an unprecedented contrast space around nearby stars.
Three advanced deformable mirrors were tested as part of the Air Force Research Laboratory's adaptive optics program. Two of these mirrors were purchased by the Air Force Research Laboratory for use at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR). One of these, a 941-channel mirror, made by Xinetics under subcontract to Hughes Danbury Optical Systems, is currently in use in the adaptive optics system of the SOR 3.5m telescope. The other, a 577-channel mirror, was refurbished by ITEK from the Mid-Scale Deformable Mirror. The third mirror, with 349 actuators, was made by Xinetics as a demonstration of a new actuator bonding technology. For each mirror, the uniformity of the actuator gain was measured using phase-modulating interferometry. These measurements were used to flatten the mirrors and to apply known Zernike modes. Results presented will include actuator performance statistics and mirror figure accuracy for various commanded figures.
A 941 channel, 1500 Hertz frame rate adaptive optical (AO) system has been installed and tested in the coude path of the 3.5m telescope at the USAF Research Laboratory Starfire Optical Range. This paper describes the design and measured performance of the principal components comprising this system and present sample results from the first closed-loop test of the system on stars and an artificial source simulator.
We present a study of the operating characteristics of the Xinetics Inc. deformable mirror and the driver electronics built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for Palomar Observatory’s adaptive optics project. This mirror, the first of its type built by Xinetics Inc., contains 349 PMN actuators which control a 2 millimeter thick mirror surface coated with protected silver. Measurements are separated into static and dynamic categories. The static tests determine the unpowered figure of the mirror surface, the influence of solitary actuators on the mirror surface and how the actuators move as a function of voltage applied, including considerations of hysteresis and creep. We have been able to flatten the mirror surface to an rms value of 19 nanometers. In the dynamic tests, we have resolved the motion of individual actuators whose voltages were changed at frequencies up to 1.5 kHz. The purpose of this study is to show that this deformable mirror has specific characteristics that must be determined in order to optimize its control.
First and foremost, an optical material must be able to be cost effectively made to the desired size and shape and then be polished to optical tolerances. Over the past 15 years, reaction bonded silicon carbide has been scaled from 2 inches to 1.2 meters, improved in finish from 100 Å to 10 Å and been reduced in areal density from 40 kg/m2 to 10 kg/m2. Its low thermal distortion, high stiffness, high optical quality, and its dimensional stability make CERAFORM SiC ideal for applications such as high energy laser mirrors, space-borne cryogenic mirrors, fast response scan mirrors, and high heat flux applications. In addition CERAFORM SiC products are fabricated using a cost-effective, net shape, fugitive core casting process which can be used to make complex, open or closed back, lightweight substrates. Silicon carbide is unique in that it is competitive with beryllium as a structural material, glass as an optical material, and Invar or graphite-epoxy as a metering material. This paper details the progress that has been made towards scaling facilities and optics to 2-meters and 2 Kg/m2 areal density.
Helicopter design is limited by the compromise inherent in meeting hover and forward flight requirements, and the unsteady environment encountered in forward flight. Active control of helicopter rotors using smart material, in-blade actuation can overcome these barriers and provide substantial reductions in noise and vibrations and improved performance. The present study covers the blade/actuator integration and actuator development for a full scale system to demonstrate active control of noise and vibrations as well as inflight blade tracking on the MD Explorer helicopter. A piezoelectric multilayer stack actuator, driving a trailing edge flap, is used for active control. A shape memory alloy torsion actuator, driving a trailing edge trim tab, is used for inflight tracking. Overall, this DARPA sponsored program entails the design, development, and fabrication of the full scale active control rotor system. If successful, an entry in the NASA Ames 40 X 80 foot wind tunnel and flight tests are planned for a follow on program.
Multilayer actuators are being used in optical communications, large-scale telescopes, semiconductor processing, medical imaging, and a host of optical instruments which need submicron control. PMN multilayer actuators have hysteresis which is less than 1 percent, linearity which is better than 99 percent, and precision which is accurate to a few nanometers. Fundamental to the electrostrain and strength of the multilayer actuators is the ceramic microstructure. The particle size of the starting powders and the thermal processes used to densify the ceramic are key elements in producing a microstructure which provides reliable response at ever increasing applied electric fields.
Over the past decade, the principle focus in the lead magnesium niobate (PMN) family of relaxor ferroelectric ceramics has been on the electrostrictive formulation due mainly to its application in deformable optics. Electrostrictive response of the PMN material is very low in hysteresis, contains near-zero creep, and features subnanometer precision. Temperature dependence is its major drawback. Highly desirable is a material which has the broad temperature response of piezoelectric lead-zirconate- titanate with the stable, accurate response of electrostrictive PMN. In this paper we report the development of novel piezoelectric and composite formulations of PMN which provide temperature stabilized response with moderate hysteresis and enhanced structural response with high authority.
Energy density is the key to higher authority actuators. New generation electroceramics, such as temperature stabilized lead magnesium niobate (PMN), generate large forces which can do work in adaptive structures. Ever increasing induced- strains and energy conversion efficiencies require process advances to handle high applied electric fields which are required to fully utilize the saturation strain of the materials. The PMN-based family of materials provide output energy which exceeds magnetostrictive TERFENOL by a factor of 16 and piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) by a factor of 4. By tailoring the formulation, the PMN materials have been temperature stabilized to function from -50 to 150 degrees C. Cofired stacks which are 1 inch n diameter and epoxy bonded stacks which are 2 inches in diameter have been produced and operated to induced-strains as large as 1000 ppm. Key to tapping the energy in electroceramics is a mechanical amplifier or mechanism which can efficiently convert force into displacement. Amplification ratios up to 10:1 have been built and integrated with electroceramic stacks. Electronic amplifiers are also required to handle the highly capacitive loads of high authority actuators. Switching and linear amplifiers are compared in terms of power and efficiency.
Unique as an optical component, the deformable mirror must have a quality optical surface which can be contoured and controlled to a fraction of wavelength of light. The key element is the actuator. The actuator must provide precision motion for nanometer wavefront control and provide a stable structure for high quality optical figure. It must be dimensionally stable in terms of both time and temperature. Being in a dynamic environment, it must also withstand high tensile loads and high cycle fatigue. Despite its mechanical, optical, and electrical functions, it simply must work when the voltage is applied during any season and for any reason.
Recent advances in polishing the bare CERAFORM SiC surface to finishes as smooth as 1OA rms has enhanced the viability of SiC as a mirror material those applications requiring thermal stability over a broad temperature range. In addition PVD silicon claddings have been developed to provide a low cost polishing option for more environments which are less severe. With the ability to make complex shapes in sizes up to 1 meter, CERAFORM SiC provides a cost-effective alternative to beryllium and glass.
Silicon carbide mirrors have been made ultra lightweight with an areal density below 10 kg/mm2 and have been made in sizes as large as 1.2 meters in diameter. The CERAFORM SiC process provides a cost-effective means to make lightweight substrates in either the open back or closed back form. Optical finishes below 10 angstrom rms have been achieved on both the chemical vapor deposited beta phase and the silicon infiltrated alpha phase. COmplex structures with triangular, square, or hexagonal core geometry has been produced with web thicknesses as thin as 0.015 inches and depth to diameter aspect ratios as large as 50:1. By designing to specific sectional stiffness, SiC offers performance which exceeds that of beryllium and glass, especially in extreme thermal environments. By polishing bare CERAFORM SiC to better than 10 angstrom rms, the single greatest impediment to SiC being used as an optical material was resolved.
During the decade of the 1980's, silicon carbide was funded primarily as the water cooled mirror material for the future and secondarily as a lightweight tactical alternative to beryllium and glass. With the perceived deployment of Star Wars, the payoff for the silicon carbide investment was imminent. Wrong assumption. The emphasis shifted from cooled optics to lightweight, uncooled optics and structures during the early 1990's. CERAFORM SiC became more attractive as a mirror material as the forming process produced lighter, closed back mirrors and a polishing process was developed to finish the bare material to 10 angstroms rms. Cost became the major limitation to penetrating commercial markets and with the defense cut-backs in 1993 UTOS ceases operations. The facilities and intellectual property associated with CERAFORM was at the mercy of bean counters. In March 1995 Xintics officially purchased form the United Technologies Corporation all intellectual property including patents, processes, proposals, engineering notebook, and trademarks pertaining to CERAFORM SiC. In a subsequent deal, part of the furnace facility was also obtained.
The cost of good, reliable deformable mirrors has made them inaccessible to the astronomical community and other would-be commercial users. Historically, the deformable mirror has cost nearly $DOL2500. per channel and comprised about 25% of the cost of an adaptive optics system. Xinetics has created a deformable mirror technology which costs less than $DOL1000. per channel including the electronic driver. In addition, the mirrors feature novel actuator cartridges which contain a simple thermal mechanism to allow simple replacement of damaged actuators. The current mirrors use piezoelectric actuators for broad temperature response and operate at 100 volts. They feature 7-mm interactuator spacing, 4- micrometers displacement, and interactuator coupling tailorable between 5 to 15%. Complete NASTRAN and Weibull analyses has been conducted to insure sufficient safety margin. The results of the 37, 97, and 349 channel mirror manufacturing efforts are reported in this paper.
A very compact tip/tilt mirror has been developed for the Wide-Field/Planetary Camera II, a science instrument that is to be installed in the Hubble Space Telescope to restore the Hubble's imaging performance. The Articulating Fold Mirror (AFM) is a space qualified, ultraviolet compatible device that incorporates many advanced features including a highly lightweighted mirror and electrostrictive solid state actuators that provide precise and repeatable open loop performance. The design, fabrication, and testing of the AFM are described.
The low voltage SELECT deformable mirror described herein provides sub-nanometer control of the optical wavefront and represents the culmination of 10 years of development. Due to the maturity of the PMN electrostrictive actuator technology, the mirror operating voltage has decreased from 3000 volts to 100 volts, the hysteresis has been reduced from near 20% to less than 1%, and the response uniformity is better than 3% over the entire actuator population. But more importantly, the deformable mirrors built today are unparalleled in terms of performance and reliability, even after millions of operational cycles. This paper will summarizes the actuator process developments and discuss the design features and measured performance of the low voltage SELECT deformable mirror family. In fact as the results will show, the SELECT DM's are not only good deformable mirrors, but are also among the most precise optics ever made, especially when operated under active control.
The ISOFLOW cooled mirror technology was developed at Itek with the goal of producing a high performance heat exchanger with emphasis on coolant efficiency and low jitter. Design and analysis capabilities, as well as manufacturing processes were developed and demonstrated in 8.0 inch diameter mirrors made from single crystal silicon, silicon carbide, and Ultra Low Expansion glass. The ISOFLOW mirror design has been tested and has demonstrated excellent thermal distortion for very low coolant flowrates and pressure drops. The ISOFLOW mirrors have been polished to better than 3 angstroms rms. The mirrors are bonded with a composite lead borosilicate glass frit blended to match the heat exchanger materials. The heat exchanger was designed to operate over a wide flow range with water or ammonia as the coolant. The high performance turbulent flow regime requires 20 gpm with a 40 psi pressure drop through the mirror. The mirror can also provide low flow low jitter operation with 6.6 gpm and 4.5 psi pressure drop. The demonstrated thermal performance obtained with low flowrates and pressure drops is what makes the ISOFLOW design unique.
The fundamental element in the design, manufacture, and operation of active and adaptive optical components is the actuator. This technology has prime influence on the bandwidth, weight, and overall system accuracy. Various actuator types are commercially available which have a broad range of capabilities in terms of stroke, frequency response, hysteresis, set-point accuracy, resolution, force, power dissipation, and just plain physical size and weight. Several different types of actuator technologies are reviewed with emphasis placed upon their basic properties, design fundamentals, key parameters, and response characteristics.
Lead magnesium niobate (PMN) has many attractive features for precision submicron control. At room temperature hysteresis is less than 1%, thermal expansion is less than 1 ppm/ degree(s)C, and the sensitivity is 375 ppm strain at 600 V/mm. There has been recent interest in using PMN actuators in applications near 0 degree(s)C, which is near the Curie temperature of the PMN material. An investigation was conducted to obtain data on PMN:BA strain response and hysteresis at lower temperatures. Results of these experiments which were conducted to characterize the longitudinal and transverse field-induced strains at temperatures between -7 degree(s)C to 24 degree(s)C are provided for SELECT multilayer actuators and electroceramic plates. Measurements were made at 1 Hz both at constant maximum field (600 V/mm) as well as constant maximum strain (300 ppm for longitudinal; 140 ppm for transverse). Data shows that hysteresis and strain sensitivity to field increase monotonically as the temperature is decreased throughout the test range. Transverse strain is shown to track the longitudinal strain closely, within a simple scale factor. A comparison is made between constant field and constant strain hysteresis for both the longitudinal and transverse cases. Finally, data is presented which shows a factor of four reduction in hysteresis using passive charge control.
Though the exact origins of active and adaptive optics are unknown, recent history can be traced by the development of components. Earnest development of active and adaptive optical components began in the early 1970s with two areas of emphasis: (1) compensated imaging and (2) laser beam propagation. Typical for defense driven research and development programs, much of the evolutionary successes and pitfalls will forever remain undisclosed. Recent declassification of adaptive optics technology including laser guide star use has opened the way for exploitation by astronomers and others of the component development. It is the sole purpose of this paper to show those that would be users that the technology is mature.
A wide variety of deformable mirror structures have been studied for wavefront correction since the advent of adaptive optics nearly two decades ago. These structures generally fall into two categories: (1) segmented facesheet and (2) continuous facesheet. The segmented mirror technology features independently activated mirror elements controlled in the piston, tip, and tilt modes. The continuous facesheet designs use discrete electroceramic or electrostatic displacement actuators arranged in either an axial or bimorph position to bend the continuous facesheet. In addition there are two methods of correction: (1) zonal control and (2) modal control. The basic mirror types are discussed and analyzed in terms of wavefront correction capabilities. Curve fitting characteristics are explained in terms of the optical influence function and mirror meshing functions. The continuous facesheet deformable mirror is used as a model to develop basic design equations which are used for parametric trades.
An active structural element for use in precision control of large space structures is described. The active member is intended to replace a passive strut in a truss-like structure. It incorporates an eddy current displacement sensor and an actuator that is either piezoelectric (PZT) or electrostrictive (PMN). The design of the device is summarized. Performance
of separate PZT and PMN actuators is compared for several properties relevant to submicrometer control of precision structures.
For the past 1 5 years, Litton/ltek Optical Systems has fabricated precision ferroelectric actuators for use in active and adaptive optical components. With the advent of lead magnesium niobate (PMN), such devices attained revolutionary performance improvements. A thorough understanding of the electrostrictive nature of the material has been developed and used to optimize the material properties. Finite element models have been developed to maximize transducer response and establish safe operating bounds. An overview of the multilayer actuator fabrication process is provided, with emphasis on in-process controls and qualification blocks. A patented Standardized Electrodisplacive Transducer (SELECT) method of manufacture has been developed to improve manufacturing yields, sensitivity uniformity, and low voltage response. Several SELECT configurations have been established for a variety of positioning applications. A summary of the SELECT actuator configurations is given for numerous applications, supported by experimental data.
KEYWORDS: Actuators, Mirrors, Optical components, Control systems, Active optics, Finite element methods, Servomechanisms, Ferroelectric materials, Roads, Active remote sensing
Mark A. Ealey, MEMBER SPIE
Litton/Itek Optical Systems
10 Maguire Road
Lexington, Massachusetts 021 73-31 99
Technically, the sensing of phase errors and the use of this feedback signal by a closed loop servo control system that nullifies those errors is the distinguishing factor between adaptive and active optic systems. For the purposes of this special section, the term "active optics" has more to do with the phase conjugate of Gaskill's Law, which is a Fourier integral that describes the ratio of abstracts received to manuscripts accepted for publication.
Litton/Itek Optical Systems has been a leader in the development of deformable mirrors for use in high quality optical systems since 1973. The monolithic piezoelectric mirror (MPM), which was introduced in 1974, has been the quality product against which all other visible wavelength compensators have been compared. The stacked actuator deformable mirror
(SADM), first delivered in 1980, set new performance standards for infrared systems. These devices continue to maintain high quality large stroke performance in the field. In 1981 Itek began the development of a new concept in deformable mirrors, the low voltage electrodisplacive mirror (LVEM). Itek teamed with Bell Aerospace in 1984 to develop a cooled
silicon electrodisplacive mirror (CSEM) technology. The CSEM development emphasized extending the LVEM technology to high energy laser systems applications by incorporating a silicon multiport pin-fin heat exchanger into the mirror structure. Recently, in 1988, Itek began developing a cost efficient cooled mirror technology compatible with moderate flux
levels and quantity production. The LVEM uncooled technology has matured and represents the current state of the art in deformable mirror performance. Upon its maturity, the CSEM technology will provide both high performance and cost efficient cooled deformable mirrors for the needs of the high energy laser community.
Mark A. Ealey, MEMBER SPIE
Litton/Itek Optical Systems
10 Maguire Road
Lexington, Massachusetts 02173-3199
Adaptive optics has recently been thrust onto the international scene by the successes reported by the European Southern Observatory and by the problems associated with the Hubble Space Telescope. This special issue is dedicated to adaptive optical components, specifically the deformable mirror and the wavefront sensor, which when combined with a control system offer the capability to provide real-time,
closed loop correction of the optical wavefront.
A scalable wavefront correction device with high spatial and temporal frequency is described in terms of the concept and technologies developed for its realization. Electronic microcircuit technology is combined with traditional wavefront corrector methods to define the proposed integrated wavefront corrector (IWC) concept. The development of unique point-of-departure actuator material allows large electrostrains to be generated at reduced applied voltages. The specifications of the device are given and the detailed structure is shown in drawings. The single-layer actuator technology can be fabricated at a density of about 500 actuators per square cm. The composite structure developed for this adaptive optics technology is shown to preserve the structural integrity required for phase compensation, and provide the packing density requirements of high spatial frequency. The device is shown to permit large-scale wavefront correction and is of interest to deformable mirror technology.
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