Shack-Hartmann wave front sensors (SHS) are an accurate and highly versatile tool for
characterizing and adjusting high performance optical systems, especially in the DUV
wavelength range.
The conventional set-up uses a single path approach. An illuminated pinhole is placed in the
object plane and the sensor in the exit pupil of the system under test. This approach is applicable
up to a NA of about 0.9 because of the limited ability of a pinhole to illuminate high numerical
apertures. Beyond the limit a double pass set-up is necessary. The double pass approach also
allows a higher precision and the application of multi-position tests well-known from
interferometry.
A set-up will be shown which can be easily integrated into existing Shack-Hartmann test
benches. Some exemplary data will be given comparing results from single pass and double pass
measurements.
Nanowire composites are considered as a challenge in designing and making a negative index materials. By controlling the distance between parallel nanowires the electric and magnetic resonances of this structure are forced to spectrally coincide. Measurements of amplitude and phase of fabricated samples are provided together with theoretical results.
The successful realization of devices based on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal structures relies on an accurate characterization of the properties of the fabricated nanostructured surface. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images allow the verification of geometric parameters of fabricated 2D-photonic crystal structures such as the periodicity or the hole diameter. In order to investigate the optical properties of 2D-photonic crystals we realized an experimental setup for spectrally and spatially resolved transmission measurements at normal incidence. These measurements reveal the allowed modes of the photonic crystal at the Gamma-point. In contrast to transmission measurements in the plane of the photonic crystal, these measurements are independent of the lateral termination of the structure, since only the area of the photonic crystal is probed. The experimental setup allows for the characterization of microscopic structures of dimensions down to 50 micrometers in diameter. The setup can furthermore be utilized to characterize the spatial homogeneity of larger nanostructured surfaces. We present experimental results and compare them to photonic band structure calculations.
We investigate theoretically and experimentally photonic crystal waveguides and bends realized in glass-like amorphous materials. Efficient photonic crystal waveguide bends with transmissions up to 75% per bend and low loss photonic crystal waveguides with propagation losses as low as 1.7 dB/mm were fabricated and characterized.
In the past years, ultrashort pulse lasers have been established as precise and universal tools for the microstructuring of solid materials. Since thermal and mechanical influences are minimized, the application of this technology is also suitable for the structuring of optical materials and opens new possibilities. In this paper, the influence of pulse duration, pulse energy (fluence) and polarization on the cutting quality for glass and silicon will be discussed. As a concrete application, the cutting and micromarking of dielectric coated mirrors for high power fiber lasers will be highlighted.
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