Land subsidence can cause severe damage for e.g. infrastructure and buildings and mass movements even can lead to loss of live. Detection and monitoring of these processes by terrestrial measurement techniques remain a challenge due to limitations in spatial coverage and temporal resolution. Since the launch of ERS-1 in 1991 numerous scientific studies demonstrated the capability of differential SAR-Interferometry (DInSAR) for the detection of surface deformation proving the usability of this method. In order to assist the utilization of DInSAR for governmental tasks a national service-concept within the EU-ESA Program “Copernicus” is in the process of preparation. This is done by i) analyzing the user requirements, ii) developing a concept and iii) perform case studies as “proof of concept”. Due to the iterative nature of this procedure governmental users as well as DInSAR experts are involved. This paper introduces the concept, shows the available SAR data archive from ERS-1/2, TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X as well as the proposed case study. The case study is focusing on the application of advanced DInSAR methods for the detection of subsidence in a region with active gas extraction. The area of interest is located in the state of Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany. The DInSAR analysis will be based on ERS-1/2 and on TerraSARX/ TanDEM-X SAR data. The usability of the DInSAR products will be discussed with the responsible mining authority (LBEG) in order to adapt the DInSAR products to the user needs and to evaluate the proposed concept.
An area in the Negev desert in Israel was chosen to demonstrate the capability of the SIR-C sensor system to differentiate lithological units. In addition DAIS hyperspectral data were investigated. The area around Timna mountain is characterized by Cambrian sandstones, carbonates and alluvial fans of Pleistocene and Holocene age. The mountain itself consists of diverse magmatic rock assemblage. The whole area is mapped using conventional methods. The remote sensing data are sensitive for the mapping parameters and allow the extraction of their spectral and radar signatures. Specific areas have been classified on their lithology, mineralogy, stratigraphy, grain size distribution, surface roughness and weathering state. In addition, field measurements of the roughness of the alluvial fan's terraces and of the Cambrian rocks surrounding Mount Timna were investigated. The stereoscopic images taken were used as a basis for the height models of the different targets and the standard deviation (RMS) of the height was calculated. This was used as the parameter for the surface roughness and can be correlated with the radar backscatter. The SIR-C system offers the unique possibility of multi-frequency and multi-polarized data. The sensitivity for the surface roughness for the different wavelengths of X-, C- and L-band in accordance to their incidence angle ranges between 0,13 and 27 cm absolute RMS. The RMS measured for example in the alluvial fan ranges between 0,25 and 7, this corresponds to a smooth surface with pebble size of a few mm and a coarse terrace up to 50 cm block diameter. It can be shown that the age of the terraces corresponds to the backscatter. The more ancient the terrace the lower is the backscatter, the smoother the surface, the younger and rougher the terrace, the higher is the backscatter.
The experimental data of the spaceborne Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner MOMS-02 acquired on the German Spacelab D2 mission will be used in the near future for a broad range of geo- scientific objectives. The simultaneous acquisition of high spatial resolution multispectral and stereo data by one system enables a real combination of thematic and topographic information, thus consid- erably improving the verification and interpretation of dynamic changes of the Earth's surface by means of remote sensing. The sensor was successfully launched on board of the Second German Spacelab Mission D2 on Space Shuttle flight STS-55 from 26 April to May 6 1993. The MOMS-02 system itself is a combination of two modules, a panchromatic, high-resolution stereo module with one nadir-looking (resolution 4.2 m x 4.2 m) and two tilted channels and a 4-channel multispectral module covering the visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) range of the electromagnetic spectrum at 12.8 m x 12.8 m ground resolution. The width and centre wavelength of the multispectral spectral bands are optimised for the detection of the spectral response of vegetation and for the discrimination of Fe-bearing rock and soil surfaces due to significant absorption in the VIS/NIR spectral range. The paper gives an overview on geoscientific applications in Australia, Egypt and South America. First images of MOMS-02 data clearly show the ability of the multispectral, as well as the combination of multispectral and high resolution data, to improve geoscientific studies that were done with Landsat TM data in the past. In the near future the MOMS-02 science team will produce high accuracy digital elevation models derived from the stereo data which will be used in combination with MOMS-02 or other sensors multispectral datasets for a wide range of geoscientific and environmental applications (e.g. landuse, erosion risk, natural hazards), as well as for radiometric correction of satellite images. After the first experimental mission on Spacelab D2, MOMS-02 is planned to be deployed in early 1995 on the Russian space platform MIR incorporated in the environmental PRIRODA module. This mission, offering the opportunity of multisensor data registration with a repetition rate of 2 to 7 days, is considered an indispensable step to achieve high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution environmental monitoring at global scales.
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