K. Chance, X. Liu, C. Chan Miller, G. González Abad, G. Huang, C. Nowlan, A. Souri, R. Suleiman, K. Sun, H. Wang, L. Zhu, P. Zoogman, J. Al-Saadi, J. -C. Antuña-Marrero, J. Carr, R. Chatfield, M. Chin, R. Cohen, D. Edwards, J. Fishman, D. Flittner, J. Geddes, M. Grutter, J. Herman, D. Jacob, S. Janz, J. Joiner, J. Kim, N. Krotkov, B. Lefer, R. Martin, O. Mayol-Bracero, A. Naeger, M. Newchurch, G. Pfister, K. Pickering, R. Pierce, C. Rivera Cárdenas, A. Saiz-Lopez, W. Simpson, E. Spinei, R. J. Spurr, J. Szykman, O. Torres, J. Wang
The NASA/Smithsonian Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO; tempo.si.edu) satellite instrument will measure atmospheric pollution and much more over Greater North America at high temporal resolution (hourly or better in daylight, with selected observations at 10 minute or better sampling) and high spatial resolution (10 km2 at the center of the field of regard). It will measure ozone (O3) profiles (including boundary layer O3), and columns of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrous acid (HNO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), formaldehyde (H2CO), glyoxal (C2H2O2), water vapor (H2O), bromine oxide (BrO), iodine oxide (IO), chlorine dioxide (OClO), as well as clouds and aerosols, foliage properties, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. The instrument has been delivered and is awaiting spacecraft integration and launch in 2022. This talk describes a selection of TEMPO applications based on the TEMPO Green Paper living document (http://tempo.si.edu/publications.html).
Applications to air quality and health will be summarized. Other applications presented include: biomass burning and O3 production; aerosol products including synergy with GOES infrared measurements; lightning NOx; soil NOx and fertilizer application; crop and forest damage from O3; chlorophyll and primary productivity; foliage studies; halogens in coastal and lake regions; ship tracks and drilling platform plumes; water vapor studies including atmospheric rivers, hurricanes, and corn sweat; volcanic emissions; air pollution and economic evolution; high-resolution pollution versus traffic patterns; tidal effects on estuarine circulation and outflow plumes; air quality response to power blackouts and other exceptional events.
Monitoring of mixing layer height (MLH) was performed during different measurement campaigns in urban and suburban
area (Hannover, Munich, Budapest, Zürich, Augsburg) by the Vaisala ceilometer LD40. It is an eye-safe
commercial lidar and designed originally to detect cloud base heights and vertical visibility for aviation safety purposes.
Software for routine retrieval of mixing layer height from ceilometer data was developed and improved continuously.
MLH was determined during a one-week-campaign at the airport Mexico City. Air pollutants like NO, NOx, CO and O3
as well as meteorological parameters like wind, temperature and irradiance are measured at the airport in addition to the
air quality monitoring network RAMA in Mexico City. The influence of MLH together with wind, temperature and
cloudiness upon air pollution is investigated. These continuous MLH and meteorological data are correlated with
simultaneous measured air pollutants. The influence of mixing layer height upon air quality is shown.
Values for aerosol optical properties in the ultra-violet (UV) spectral range, including total ozone column (TOC), asymmetry factor (g) and seven wavelength channel (300-, 305-, 311-, 317-, 325-, 332- and 368-nm) aerosol optical depths (AOD) and aerosol single scattering albedos (SSA), were obtained via an optimal estimation algorithm from direct and diffuse ground-based irradiance measurements made by UV-MultiFilter Rotating ShadowBand Radiometers (UV-MFRSR), owned and operated by the United States Department of Agriculture's UV Monitoring and Research Program (USDA UVMRP). These instruments were deployed at three different sites during the 2006 Megacities Impact on Regional And Global Environment, Mexico City Pollution Outflow Experiement (MIRAGE-MEX) field campaign. The Tropospheric Ultraviolet-Visible (TUV) radiative transfer model was utilized as the forward model in the retrieval algorithm.
Initial results of the aerosol optical properties at one site were analyzed and intercompared to results obtained from independent methods. Actinic fluxes were modeled using the retrieved atmospheric properties as inputs and the results compared to independent measurements. This data set, in conjunction with many others collected during the campaign, will help to address MIRAGE-MEX science objectives related to the aging of air pollution and the evolution of the radiative properties of gases and aerosols.
The Scanning Infrared Gas Imaging System of High Resolution (SIGIS-HR) was used to perform non-intrusive measurements of a Boeing 737 and a diesel powered burned (used as a hot gas producer). During the measurements it was observed that the selection of the optimal measurement positions into the plume, visualised by an infrared image from a real-time infrared camera in which the emission intensity of different field of view (FOV) positions into the plume are plotted in false colours, is possible very precisely. This enhanced considerably the probability of detection of infrared radiation emitted by a hot gas plume (e. g. from an in-service aircraft at the ground) for the objective to determine composition and temperature of the exhausts. Using this improved localization of the optimum measurement position into the hot exhaust plume the temperature and the concentrations of CO and NO were calculated. Additionally, the spatial distribution of gas temperature and concentrations of CO, CO2 and NO into the exhaust plume were determined.
An open-path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and a Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS) were installed and simultaneously operated along a 426 m optical path in downtown Mexico City. O3 and SO2 were measured by both optical remote sensing techniques and the results from the comparison are presented. The instruments presented comparable sensitivities for O3 and an excellent agreement (R2 > 0.99) in their correlation. Although the sensitivity of the infrared technique for SO2 was limited to concentrations > 20 ppb or so, the agreement of the FTIR response with the more sensitive DOAS technique during the high levels of this pollutant was favorable (R2 = 0.94) and accurate to within experimental error. These episodes (>100 ppb) were found to occur several times per month. Benzene and toluene were measured by the DOAS technique and their concentrations are reported for a 3-month period during 11/2 - 12/5, 2003. The mean and highest concentration registered for benzene was 5.1 and 18.7 ppb, respectively, with an average of daily maxima at 11.5 ppb. Toluene's highest concentration during this period reached 97.3 ppb, with a mean and daily maximum average of 13.4 and 41.7 ppb, respectively. A benzene/toluene ratio of 2.6 was determined for the entire period of study and a decrease of ~20% in the daily ambient concentration of these aromatic hydrocarbons was observed on Sundays relative to weekdays.
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