SignificanceReference cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data on the pediatric population are scarce, and in most cases, only cerebral oxygen saturation (SO2) measured by continuous wave spatially resolved spectroscopy NIRS is reported. Absolute data for baseline optical and hemodynamic parameters are missing.AimWe aimed at collecting baseline cerebral optical parameters [absorption coefficient, μa; reduced scattering coefficient, μs′; differential pathlength factor (DPF)] and hemodynamic parameters [oxy-hemoglobin content (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin content (HHb), total hemoglobin content (tHB), SO2] in a large cohort of pediatric patients. The objectives are to establish reference optical values in this population and evaluate the reproducibility of a commercial time domain (TD) NIRS tissue oximeter.ApproachTD NIRS measurements were performed in the prefrontal cortex at 686 and 830 nm with a 2.5-cm source–detector distance and 1-Hz acquisition rate. Five independent measurements (after probe replacement) were taken for every subject. TD NIRS data were fitted to a photon diffusion model to estimate the optical parameters. From the absorption coefficients, the hemodynamic parameters were derived by Beer’s law. Auxological and physiological information was also collected to explore the potential correlations with NIRS data.ResultsWe measured 305 patients in the age range of 2 to 18 years. Absolute values for baseline optical and hemodynamic parameters were shown as a function of age and auxological variables. From the analysis of the repositioning after probe replacement, the time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy device exhibited an average precision (intended as coefficient of variation) of <5% for μs′, DPF, HbO2, HHb, and tHb, whereas precision was <2% for SO2.ConclusionsWe provided baseline values for optical and hemodynamic parameters in a large cohort of healthy pediatric subjects with good precision, providing a foundation for future investigations into clinically relevant deviations in these parameters.
A novel technique to treat different diseases from inflammation to poisonous bites from snakes on small animals is the hyperbaric chamber treatment [1]. Non-invasive and real-time hemodynamic monitoring of patient’s tissue could be useful to quantify the effect of oxygen therapy on the patient. In this pilot study, we explored the possibility of noninvasively detecting canine tissues optical properties by Time Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) and then retrieving hemodynamic parameters (deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin molar concentration and tissue oxygen saturation) on different tissues (Triceps Brachii, Biceps Femoralis, and Head) of dogs. Four dogs with different hair length and color undergoing to hyperbaric chamber treatment were measured before and after the treatment, on each of the three sites and on both sides of the animal. In Triceps Brachii and Biceps Femoralis we found an increase in the absorption coefficient for both wavelengths after the treatment, meaning that the total concentration of blood has increased. Different results were obtained in the head, where the total hemoglobin concentration is decreased. The use of TD-NIRS oximetry technology seems a clinically feasible means to assess tissue oxygenation in most of dogs, thanks to a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio that allows to evaluate the optical parameters and consequently the physiological parameters of the area under investigation. Moreover, the presence of hair and dark skin did not prevent the possibility of obtaining robust readings.
Significance: Multi-laboratory initiatives are essential in performance assessment and standardization—crucial for bringing biophotonics to mature clinical use—to establish protocols and develop reference tissue phantoms that all will allow universal instrument comparison.
Aim: The largest multi-laboratory comparison of performance assessment in near-infrared diffuse optics is presented, involving 28 instruments and 12 institutions on a total of eight experiments based on three consolidated protocols (BIP, MEDPHOT, and NEUROPT) as implemented on three kits of tissue phantoms. A total of 20 synthetic indicators were extracted from the dataset, some of them defined here anew.
Approach: The exercise stems from the Innovative Training Network BitMap funded by the European Commission and expanded to include other European laboratories. A large variety of diffuse optics instruments were considered, based on different approaches (time domain/frequency domain/continuous wave), at various stages of maturity and designed for different applications (e.g., oximetry, spectroscopy, and imaging).
Results: This study highlights a substantial difference in hardware performances (e.g., nine decades in responsivity, four decades in dark count rate, and one decade in temporal resolution). Agreement in the estimates of homogeneous optical properties was within 12% of the median value for half of the systems, with a temporal stability of <5 % over 1 h, and day-to-day reproducibility of <3 % . Other tests encompassed linearity, crosstalk, uncertainty, and detection of optical inhomogeneities.
Conclusions: This extensive multi-laboratory exercise provides a detailed assessment of near-infrared Diffuse optical instruments and can be used for reference grading. The dataset—available soon in an open data repository—can be evaluated in multiple ways, for instance, to compare different analysis tools or study the impact of hardware implementations.
Endothelial dysfunction represents a key factor in the worsening of the COVID-19 disease in up to 20% of the cases of infection from acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The combination of diffuse optics and vascular occlusion tests makes the assessment of endothelial and microvasculature health possible by accessing information about microvascular metabolism, reactivity and tissue perfusion just by performing a localized ischemia at the forearm of the patient. In this framework, we will present a smart platform integrating time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy alongside an automatized tourniquet and a pulse-oximeter for personalizing therapies targeting endothelial function and avoid ventilator-induced lung injuries.
Time domain diffuse optics (TD-DO) relies on the injection of ps laser pulses and on the collection of the arrival times of scattered photons. To reach the ultimate limits of the technique (allowing to investigate even structures at depth <5 cm), a large area detector is needed. To this extent, we realized and present a new silicon photomultiplier featuring a 1 cm2 area. To the best of our knowledge, it represents the largest detector ever proposed for TD-DO and shows a light harvesting capability which is more than 1 decade larger than the state-of-the-art technology system. To assess its suitability for TDDO measurements, we tested the detector with several procedures from shared protocols (BIP, nEUROPt and MEDPHOT). However, the light harvesting capability of a detector with large area can be proficiently exploited only if coupled to timing electronics working in sustained count-rate CR (i.e., well above the single photon statistics). For this reason, we study the possibility to work in a regime where (even more than) one photon per laser pulse is detected (i.e., more than 100% laser repetition rate) exploiting in-silico technology. The results show that the possibility to use sustained count-rate represents a dramatic improvement in the number of photons detected with respect to current approaches (where count-rate of 1-5% of the laser repetition rate are used) without significant losses in the measurement accuracy. This represents a new horizon for TD-DO measurements, opening the way to new applications (e.g., optical investigation of the lung or monitoring of fast dynamics never studied before).
Reproducibility between different replicas of the same device is an important aspect in the biomedical research field. Multiple replicas of a dual-wavelength, single-channel “NIRSBOX” device have been assembled and characterized. In this work, we present their full performance assessment. Characterization is focused on measurement accuracy, reproducibility, and reliability, following well-defined and widely adopted procedures to assess the quality of diffuseoptics instruments. The results of the performance assessment procedures are promising, demonstrating highly reproducible performances over different time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy devices, a feature of paramount importance when it comes to comparing results from different instruments, e.g. in multicenter studies.
Significance: Tissue-like solid phantoms with identical optical properties, known within tolerant uncertainty, are of crucial importance in diffuse optics for instrumentation assessment, interlaboratory comparison studies, industrial standards, and multicentric clinical trials.
Aim: The reproducibility in fabrication of homogeneous solid phantoms is focused based on spectra measurements by instrument comparisons grounded on the time-resolved diffuse optics.
Approach: Epoxy-resin and silicone phantoms are considered as matrices and both employ three different instruments for time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy within the spectral range of 540 to 1100 nm. In particular, we fabricated two batches of five phantoms each in epoxy resin and silicone. Then, we evaluated the intra- and interbatch variability with respect to the instrument precision, by considering the coefficient of variation (CV) of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients.
Results: We observed a similar precision for the three instruments, within 2% for repeated measurements on the same phantom. For epoxy-resin phantoms, the intra- and the interbatch variability reached the instrument precision limit, demonstrating a very good phantom reproducibility. For the silicone phantoms, we observed larger values for intra- and interbatch variability. In particular, at worst, for reduced scattering coefficient interbatch CV was about 5%.
Conclusions: Results suggest that the fabrication of solid phantoms, especially considering epoxy-resin matrix, is highly reproducible, even if they come from different batch fabrications and are measured using different instruments.
We report on motor cortex hemodynamic responses to different motor tasks on humans in ecological environment. The portable, time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS) device we present enables cerebral hemodynamic measurements on freely moving subjects.
We propose a standardized approach for performance assessment and quality-control of the novel VASCOVID system based on optical phantoms. This approach is tailored to meet the requirements of the Medical Device Regulation, and is extendable to other biophotonics devices.
KEYWORDS: Hemodynamics, Near infrared spectroscopy, Tissues, In vivo imaging, Blood circulation, Tissue optics, Spectroscopes, Skin, Dubnium, Time metrology
A multi-distance Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy system combined with a compact state-of-the-art Time Domain Near-Infrared Spectroscopy device is presented. The device was used to validate the protocol of VASCOVID project on healthy subject.
KEYWORDS: 3D printing, Mass attenuation coefficient, Printing, 3D metrology, Near infrared spectroscopy, Diffuse optical imaging, 3D acquisition, Spectroscopy, Photons, Optical properties
PLA and ABS filaments, 3D printed as thin sheets were optically characterized in UV/VIS/NIR. The applicability of these materials, used as optical probes, in diffused optics applications was tested through TD-NIRS and DCS measurements.
The VASCOVID project aims to develop an hybrid diffuse optical device with a vascular occlusion protocol for evaluating endothelial and microvascular health in severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU.
Performance assessment and standardization are indispensable for instruments of clinical relevance in general and clinical instrumentation based on photon migration/diffuse optics in particular. In this direction, a multi-laboratory exercise was initiated with the aim of assessing and comparing their performances. 29 diffuse optical instruments belonging to 11 partner institutions of a European level Marie Curie Consortium BitMap1 were considered for this exercise. The enrolled instruments covered different approaches (continuous wave, CW; frequency domain, FD; time domain, TD and spatial frequency domain imaging, SFDI) and applications (e.g. mammography, oximetry, functional imaging, tissue spectroscopy). 10 different tests from 3 well-accepted protocols, namely, the MEDPHOT2 , the BIP3 , and the nEUROPt4 protocols were chosen for the exercise and the necessary phantoms kits were circulated across labs and institutions enrolled in the study. A brief outline of the methodology of the exercise is presented here. Mainly, the design of some of the synthetic descriptors, (single numeric values used to summarize the result of a test and facilitate comparison between instruments) for some of the tests will be discussed.. Future actions of the exercise aim at deploying these measurements onto an open data repository and investigating common analysis tools for the whole dataset.
Thanks to recent developments in time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-NIRS), it is now possible to monitor brain activity during freely moving exercises. A wearable single-channel TD-NIRS instrument has been exploited to retrieve oxy- and deoxygenated hemoglobin absolute concentrations during gaiting experiments. It was possible to retrieve quantitative results concerning functional brain activation in the motor cortex areas, with high rejection of motion artifacts.
Significance: This study is a preliminary step toward the identification of a noninvasive and reliable tool for monitoring the presence and progress of gaiting dysfunctions.
Aim: We present the results of a pilot study for monitoring the motor cortex hemodynamic response function (HRF) in freely walking subjects, with time-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD fNIRS).
Approach: A compact and wearable single-channel TD fNIRS oximeter was employed. The lower limb motor cortex area of three healthy subjects was monitored while performing two different freely moving gaiting tasks: forward and backward walking.
Results: The time course of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin was measured during the different walking tasks. Brain motor cortex hemodynamic activations have been analyzed throughout an adaptive HRF fitting procedure, showing a greater involvement of motor area in the backward walking task. By comparison with the HRF obtained in a finger-tapping task performed in a still condition, we excluded any effect of motion artifacts in the gaiting tasks.
Conclusions: For the first time to our knowledge, the hemodynamic motor cortex response was measured by TD fNIRS during natural, freely walking exercises. The cortical response during forward and backward walking shows differences, possibly related to the diverse involvement of the motor cortex in the two types of gaiting.
We present a lightweight TD-NIRS system, two-wavelength, one detection channel that can be battery operated and worn as a backpack for freely-moving cerebral and muscle hemodynamic monitoring. Oxy- and deoxy-genated hemoglobin absolute concentration can be retrieved in real time even in outdoor measurements thanks to the rugged feature of the device.
For the first time, we are proposing a compressive-sensing approach to time-domain diffuse Raman spectroscopy for depth probing of multilayer diffusive media. We built a spectrometer capable of both spectral and temporal acquisition with a single-pixel detector and tested it for depth sectioning on a bilayer tissue-mimicking phantom.
KEYWORDS: Near infrared spectroscopy, Hemodynamics, Brain, Absorption, Scattering, Single photon detectors, Electronics, Control systems, Solids, In vivo imaging
We present a wearable TD-NIRS system (two wavelengths, one channel). The system is battery operated, can be remotely controlled and is able to perform measurements on brain and muscle on freely-moving subjects.
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