Retina prosthesis are implantable devices stimulating diseased retina of individuals to restore vision. New technologies are needed for precise and non-genetic retinal stimulation. Here we report the development of different photoacoustic platforms for retina stimulation. First, we demonstrated that a tapered fiber based photoacoustic emitter consistently evokes action potentials with response patterns that are sensitive to the stimulus waveform using patch clamp recordings in a retinal explant. Second, toward the implantable retinal prothesis, we confirmed successful blind retina stimulation through a PDMS-based photoacoustic film safely. These results show the potential of using optoacoustic signal to drive activity in photoreceptor-damaged retinas.
Neuromodulation poses an invaluable role in deciphering neural circuits and exploring clinical treatment of neurological diseases. Optoacoustic neuromodulation is an emerging modality benefiting from the merits of ultrasound with high penetration depth as well as the merits of photons with high spatial precision. We summarize recent development in a variety of optoacoustic platforms for neural modulation, including fiber, film, and nanotransducer-based devices, highlighting the key advantages of each platform. The possible mechanisms and main barriers for optoacoustics as a viable neuromodulation tool are discussed. Future directions in fundamental and translational research are proposed.
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