Simultaneously manipulating and monitoring both microscopic and macroscopic brain activity in vivo and identifying the linkage to behavior are powerful tools in neuroscience research. These capabilities have been realized with the recent technical advances of optogenetics and its combination with fMRI, here termed “opto-fMRI.” Opto-fMRI allows for targeted brain region-, cell-type-, or projection-specific manipulation and targeted Ca2 + activity measurement to be linked with global brain signaling and behavior. We cover the history, technical advances, applications, and important considerations of opto-fMRI in anesthetized and awake rodents and the future directions of the combined techniques in neuroscience and neuroimaging.
An integrated functional ultrasound (fUS) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging modality is favorable for obtaining multiparametric functional information of deep vasculature. fUS maps blood volume changes of microvasculature using power Doppler frames generated from multiple plane-wave angles with high spatiotemporal resolution, while PA complements vascular oxygen saturation images. In this work, we demonstrated that fUS, ultrasound, and PA imaging can be performed in real-time with a single ultrasound transducer probe. For this, we attached a custom-designed fiber optic illuminator to the fUS probe to optimally deliver light for deep tissue PA imaging. Validation studies on blood flow phantoms and in vivo finger images with a compact imaging head show reduced motion artifacts and ease out the acoustic coupling challenges, making it suitable for multimodal US, fUS and PA imaging of microvasculature.
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