An optical metrology laboratory has been developed to characterize the optical properties of optical window materials to be used for aerospace applications. Several optical measurement systems have been selected and developed to measure spectral transmittance, haze, clarity, birefringence, striae, wavefront quality, and wedge. In addition to silica based glasses, several optical lightweight polymer materials and transparent ceramics have been investigated in the laboratory. The measurement systems and selected empirical results for non-silica materials are described. These measurements will be used to form the basis of acceptance criteria for selection of window materials for future aerospace vehicle and habitat designs.
Large aperture space telescopes are built with low F#'s to accommodate the mechanical constraints of launch vehicles
and to reduce resonance frequencies of the on-orbit system. Inherent with these low F# is Fresnel polarization which
effects image quality. We present the design and modeling of a nano-structure consisting of birefringent layers.
Analysis shows a device that functions across a 400nm bandwidth tunable from 300nm to 1200nm. This Fresnel
compensator device has a cross leakage of less than 0.001 retardance.
Current state-of-the-art commercial sensors and actuators do not meet many of NASA's next generation spacecraft and
instrument needs. Nor do they satisfy the DoD needs for satellite missions, especially micro/nano satellite missions. In
an effort to develop advanced optical devices and instruments that meet mission requirements, NASA Langley recently
completed construction of a new cleanroom housing equipment capable of fabricating high performance active optic and
adaptive optic technologies including deformable mirrors, reconfigurable lenses (both refractive and diffractive),
spectrometers, spectro-polarimeters, tunable filters and many other active optic devices. In addition to performance,
these advanced optic technologies offer advantages in speed, size, weight, power consumption, and radiation tolerance.
The active optic devices described in this paper rely on birefringent liquid crystal materials to alter either the phase or
the polarization of the incoming light. Design considerations and performance evaluation results for various NASA
applications are presented. Applications presented will include large space telescopes, optical communications,
spacecraft windows, coronagraphs, and star trackers.
NASA Langley Research Center is involved in the development of photonic devices and systems for space
exploration missions. Photonic technologies of particular interest are those that can be utilized for in-space
communication, remote sensing, guidance navigation and control, lunar descent and landing, and rendezvous
and docking. NASA Langley has recently established a class-100 clean-room which serves as a Photonics
Fabrication Facility for development of prototype optoelectronic devices for aerospace applications. In this
paper we discuss our design, fabrication, and testing of novel active pixels, deformable mirrors, and liquid
crystal spatial light modulators. Successful implementation of these intelligent optical devices and systems in
space, requires careful consideration of temperature and space radiation effects in inorganic and electronic
materials. Applications including high bandwidth inertial reference units, lightweight, high precision star
trackers for guidance, navigation, and control, deformable mirrors, wavefront sensing, and beam steering
technologies are discussed. In addition, experimental results are presented which characterize their performance
in space exploration systems
Spectrally tunable liquid crystal filters provide numerous advantages and several challenges in space applications. We
discuss the tradeoffs in design elements for tunable liquid crystal birefringent filters with the special considerations
required for space exploration applications. In this paper we present a summary of our development of tunable filters for
NASA space exploration. In particular we discuss the application of tunable liquid crystals in guidance navigation and
control in space exploration programs. In conclusion, the current state of the art of several NASA LaRC assembled
filters is presented and their performance compared to the predicted spectra using our PolarTools modeling software.
NASA’s pursuit of reducing the size, weight, and cost of satellite systems, for advanced space systems, is providing a vital thrust to the development of systems-on-a-chip. Novel smart vision systems that incorporate active pixel photo-detectors, MEMs tunable etalons, electro-optical information processors, and applications of the novel smart vision system, including remote sensing, hyperspectral imaging, biomedical imaging and adaptive optics are discussed.
Current state-of-the-art commercial star sensors typically weigh 15 pounds, attain 5 to 10 arc-second accuracy, and use roughly 10 watts of power. Unfortunately, the current state-of-the-art commercial star sensors do not meet many of NASA's next-generation spacecraft and instrument needs. Nor do they satisfy Air Force's needs for micro/nano-satellite systems. In an effort to satisfy micro/nano satellite mission needs the Air Force Research Laboratory is developing an intelligent star Tracker, called IntelliStar, which incorporates several novel technologies including Silicon carbide optical housing, MEMs based adaptive optic technologies, smart active pixels, and algebraic coding theory. The design considerations associated with the development of the IntelliStar system are presented along with experimental results which characterize each technologies contribution to overall system performance. In addition to being light weight, the IntelliStar System offers advantages in speed, size, power consumption, and radiation tolerance.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Micromirrors, Mirrors, Wavefronts, Silicon, Wavefront sensors, Systems modeling, Visual process modeling, Analog electronics, Microelectromechanical systems
We have developed a new paradigm, based on massively parallel analog processing coupled with a MEMS micromirror device, for developing intelligent vision systems that is capable of performing adaptive optics at rates exceeding 1 kHz and 3D imaging at bandwidths exceeding 100 Hz. The design and modeling methodologies associated with our smart vision chip are presented along with experimental results that characterize its performance. We also present design and modeling methodologies of our micromirror devices along with experimental result that characterize their performance in typical adaptive optic systems. Finally, we present modeling and simulation methodologies of adaptive optics systems along with experimental results used to design and test an adaptive optic system. The design and modeling methodologies that are presented lend themselves to facilitating the design and development of a wide variety other sophisticated vision systems. In addition to speed, our approach offers advantages in low cost batch fabrication, compact size, low power consumption, and radiation tolerance, making it ideal for many applications.
The design of a silicon eye using dynamical neural networks. Our silicon eye is capable of not only able to compensate for defocus, but it can also compensate for other aberrations including astigmatism, coma, and spherical aberrations. In addition, the silicon retina acts as a reconfigurable dynamic neural network to enable real-time image processing. The silicon eye uses three key enabling technologies. First, high-speed active pixel photo-diodes are used as photo-detectors for both imaging and for wavefront sensing. The design of the active pixel photo- detectors is described along with experimental results characterizing their performance. Second, the analog signals received from the photo-detectors and processed by the active pixel circuitry is fed into a smart vision chip. The smart vision chip is a reconfigurable neural network capable of real-time reconstruction of the phase information associated with the imaging system. The micro mirrors are active optic devices that can be used to compensate for optical aberrations. Experimental results obtained from the circuit implementation of the dynamical network networks are presented. The experimental results obtained from our intelligent vision system demonstrate that dynamical neural networks offer advantages in speed, cost, size, and power consumption.
This paper describes the design, fabrication, modeling, surface characterization, and simulation of advanced surface micromachined micromirror devices that are optimized for adaptive optics applications. Design considerations and fabrication capabilities are presented. Simulation of adaptive optics performance of unique Flexure-Beam and Axial-Rotation Micromirror devices is performed for many common aberrations. These devices are fabricated in the state-of-the-art four-level planarized polysilicon process available at Sandia National Laboratories known as the Sandia Ultra-planar Multi-level planarized MEMS Technology. This enabling process permits the development of micromirror devices with near-ideal characteristics that have previously been unrealizable in standard three-layer polysilicon processes. This paper describes such characteristics as elevated address electrodes, array wiring techniques, planarized mirror surfaces using chemical mechanical polishing, unique post-process metallization, and the best active surface area to date.
Many factors contribute to the aberrations induced in an optical system. Atmospheric turbulence between the object and the imaging system, physical or thermal perturbations in optical elements degraded the system's point spread function, and misaligned optics are the primary sources of aberrations that affect image quality. The design of a non- conventional real-time adaptive optic system using a micro- mirror device for wavefront correction is presented. The adaptive optic system uses a VLSI circuit that can be reconfigured for use with many wavefront sensor including the Hartmann, shearing, and curvature wavefront sensors. The unconventional adaptive optic imaging systems presented offer advantages in speed, cost, power consumption, and weight. Experimental and modeling results that characterizes the performance of each wavefront sensor in the micro-mirror adaptive optic system are presented.
Diagnoses of cancers and pulmonary embolism are performed by visually interpreting medical data on computer graphics displays. Interpretation aids for medical diagnosis and treatment are not available. The optical information processor system presented in this paper can be used as a second opinion in detecting cancers and classifying images; the final diagnosis is made by a physician. The optical information processing system uses a novel spatial multiplexing technique that allows several images to be processed simultaneously using the same spatial light modulator. Simulation results for liquid crystal display operated in a novel amplitude coupled with binary phase mode is described. In addition, simulation results for a phase modulating micro-mirror spatial light modulator are presented. Results using clinical data show that the optical information processing system can yield a diagnosis rate of 86%.
The design of a novel wavefront sensor is presented. The wavefront sensor is an extension of the classical Hartmann wavefront sensor. Analogous to the operation of the classical Hartmann wavefront sensor, each lenslet forms an image of the object, but shifted by an amount proportional to the average tilt across its subaperture. An optical information processor system is used to compute the location of each image relative to each other formed by the lenslets.
In this paper we have demonstrated a wavelength tuning scheme using a twisted nematic liquid crystal based LCTV operated in an amplitude coupled binary phase mode for three wave mixing devices. A cosine chirp that is written on the LCTV by electrically addressing its pixels through a personal computer, functions as a programmable spherical lens. Deflection of the input beam is achieved by introducing tilt aberration on the lens. A spot resolution of less than 1.65 arcsec, and a steering range of 2 degrees at a wavelength of 632.8 nm were achieved by continuously varying the tilt coefficient of the lens. The potential advantages of this scheme are speed, compactness, operational ease, and power consumption.
Liquid crystal televisions (LCTVs) have become very popular spatial light modulators. Their polarization and phase modulation capabilities allow them to be used as inexpensive spatial light modulators in a wide variety of applications. The design of a dynamic Hermann wavefront sensor system is described. A LCTV is used as an aberration generator in an optical system. A LCTV is also used as a Harmann wavefront sensor to measure the aberrations. Experimental results characterizing the LCTVs performance as an aberration generator and Harmann wavefront sensor are presented.
Liquid crystal televisions (LCTVs) have recently become popular spatial light modulators. This paper describes in detail the design of a joint transform correlator (JTC) system that uses two inexpensive LCTVs obtained from a video projector. A prototype JTC system was used to measure blood flow and tissue motion in ultrasound speckle images. The design of spatial filters that allow real-time image processing of the ultrasound images are presented along with experimental results that characterize the improved performance. A novel spatial multiplexing technique that allows many flow vectors to be computed simultaneously is described. This spatial multiplexing technique can enhance the overall system vector throughput of a conventional JTC system by over a factor of 100. The prototype JTC system has the same tracking accuracy as the digital methods that are currently being used. In addition to speed, the JTC system offers advantages in cost, size, and power consumption.
In this paper we propose the usage of optical correlation techniques as an analog real-time correlation tracker that can be applicable to solar observations or any other complex image stabilization situation. We present the theory of the VanderLugt and joint extimate filters for optical correlation. Some straightforward scheme of implementation of such devices will be given. Furthermore we will discuss the main advantages for such correlators mainly compared with more traditional digital-based methods.
Optical correlation systems can be used to measure blood flow and tissue motion in any direction in the plane of an ultrasound image. A detailed description of a joint transform correlator (JTC) used to track the movement of speckle is presented. The JTC system required placing a filter at the Fourier plane to enable accurate tracking. Results obtained from this system demonstrate that optical correlation can measure the speckle movement with an accuracy comparable to that of digital methods currently being used. Moreover, optical methods have potential advantages in speed, size, and power consumption. In addition, results from measuring the velocity of blood flow and tissue motion are presented.
It has been shown that tracking small particle motion can be accomplished by tracking the speckle pattern is produces. This paper describes various methods of real-time tracking of speckle patterns obtained from ultrasonic flow imaging of blood and tissue motion using optical correlation. Results obtained from a gray scale joint transform correlator utilizing a twisted nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator and from Sandia Lab's acousto-optical correlator are presented. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of real-time tracking with accuracy comparable to that of template matching algorithms currently being implemented in digital hardware.
It is well known that real-time pattern recognition and tracking can be accomplished with optical correlation. The performance of a particular correlator depends mainly on the capability and availability of real-time spatial light modulators. Recently, twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) devices have been used as spatial light modulators. To date, most of the correlator systems use these liquid crystal devices in either a joint transform correlator or as the input spatial light modulator in a Vander Lugt correlator system. This paper discusses the design considerations of a gray-scale converging beam correlator system using liquid crystal devices at both the input and the filter planes. The optical properties of twisted nematic liquid crystals pertaining to their use as a SLM are discussed. To date, all of the pixelated liquid crystal devices are addressed by video signal. A gray scale video addressing scheme is presented. In addition, the design of a real time converging beam correlator utilizing liquid crystal devices from an Epson Video projector is presented along with results that characterize its performance.
Miniature optical correlators provide a means of portable real-time pattern recognition. Most of the attention has been given to reducing length with little consideration to system robustness. Although it is recognized that aberrations will limit system performance, more critical limitations are alignment and sensitivity considerations. This paper presents a procedure for the design of a short robust optical correlator. Theoretical limits on system miniaturization are restricted to component availability; however, practical limitations are dictated by physical constraints and alignment tolerances. This paper explores engineering trade-offs among length, alignability, aberrations, and system reliability. In addition, a complete system analysis including performance, aberrations, and sensitivity is presented.
Implementation of a liquid crystal television (LCTV) for a binary phase only converging beam Vander Lugt correlator system is described. The peculiar pixel array structure of the LCTV characterized by diffraction, scaling, and sampling is presented in a generalized form that can be easily adapted to any pixelated spatial light modulator. It is concluded that twisted nematic LCTV has a potential for becoming an effective and inexpensive spatial light modulator. The twisted nematic LCTV is capable of providing both continuous amplitude and phase modulation and can be used for a variety of real-time optical pattern recognition applications.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.