In the current work, impact of ex-situ rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the optical, structural and crystallographic properties of type-II InAs/GaAs(Sb) QDs heterostructures are investigated in detail. The Stranski–Krastanov (SK) QD heterostructure is grown by using solid-source molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) technique with 22% of Sb composition in GaAs(Sb) capping layer. The As-grown (ASG) samples are treated with RTA at temperatures of 750 °C, 800 °C, and 850 °C for 30 s under Ar ambient. Temperature dependent and power dependent photoluminescence (TD-PL and PD-PL) measurements are performed to investigate the impact of the emission properties of type-II heterostructures and such annealing induced changes in QD morphology, optical properties and carrier dynamics are remarkably observed due to alloy intermixing in the QD and capping interface region. The 20 K PL peak reveal a strong correlation with the annealing temperature and a strong blueshift (131 nm). The narrow linewidth from 89 nm (ASG) to 32 nm (850 °C) is found due to an increase in the uniformity of QDs and energy states and their evolution with the RTP temperatures are analysed in detail by using deconvoluted PL peaks. Out-of-plane XRD confirms the slight reduction in hydrostatic strain with the increasing RTA temperature due to the decrease in In-content inside InAs QD. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of uncapped QDs (surface QDs) reveals the formation of highly uniform and dense single QDs family with increasing the annealing temperature to 850 °C, which shows the good agreement with the low temperature PL result. The impact of postgrowth RTP on the InAs/GaAs(Sb) QDs heterostructures on semi-insulating epi-ready GaAs substrates has been studied extensively, and analysis of the optical properties, morphological evolution, and crystallographic change of the QDs as a function of annealing temperature show good agreement, which gives an insight for development of futuristics solar cells devices.
Perovskite materials hold promise for photovoltaic use due to their high efficiency, low cost, and versatility. However, challenges remain, including stability and environmental impact, but their potential to transform solar energy is significant. Lead-based perovskites have significantly boosted power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics, going from 3.8% to 33.3% in recent years. Lead-based perovskite materials have toxicity and stability issues, including sensitivity to light, heat, and moisture. Researchers are working on addressing these concerns, but they remain challenges for the technology. Therefore, the ongoing research focused on synthesizing lead-free perovskite materials for solar cells applications. We have synthesized MA2NaBiCl6 lead-free halide double perovskites material using one step cost effective hydrothermal method showing suitable tolerance and octahedral factors which signifies the stability of the material. We have fabricated the solar cell device based on as synthesized MA2NaBiCl6 as absorbing layer and Cu2O and ZnO as electron and hole transport layer respectively in the fabricated device. We have made contact of gold for good adhesion and characterize the solar cell device. The short circuit current density (JSC), open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell device is found to be 4.01 mA/cm2, 0.97 V, 58 and 2.08% respectively. The calculated solar cell performance parameters are excellent in comparison to the reported solar cell device based on double perovskites materials which offers us a promising window for improving the sustainability of photovoltaic technology by addressing environmental and health concerns associated with lead.
In the last decade, lead perovskites have shown a remarkable performance in photovoltaic applications, but they are vulnerable to stability problems. Therefore, in order to obtain lead-free materials that could successfully replace the single perovskites, we have experimentally realized methylammonium (MA) based double perovskite (MA)2NaBiCl6 for the very first time by the single-step method of hydrothermal which could be a potential analog of lead-based single perovskite for various semiconducting applications. We have investigated the structural characteristics of ((MA)2NaBiCl6 from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurement. The observed diffraction peaks confirm the phase formation of the (MA)2NaBiCl6 and are in accordance with the reference data. To look into the optical behavior of (MA)2NaBiCl6, we have done a room temperature Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy experiment and observed a broad PL peak at 480 eV corresponding to an optical band gap of 2.58 eV attributed to the phenomena of phonon-assisted carrier recombination and band-to-band transition in the synthesized material. Moreover, an excellent absorbance peak has been seen from the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy plot. Furthermore, a direct and indirect bandgap of 2.25 eV and 2.01 eV respectively has been observed from the Tauc plot extracted using UV-vis data. Also, we have observed a good transmittance behavior from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy plot. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images were observed for (MA)2NaBiCl6 which indicate the presence of a uniform nanorod-like structure. This novel finding provides a stable and greener alternative for lead halide-based single perovskite to the research and scientific community for numerous semiconducting applications.
In the current study, we report the all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskites-oxide heterojunction based optoelectronic device fabrications on Si substrate by employing cost-effective chemical bath deposition (CBD) and hot-injection techniques. The selective rare-earth doping of erbium (Er) in ZnO nanowires is performed by employing double-step CBD technique on Si platform for developing a superior heterojunction between Er:ZnO and Si. Furthermore, lead-free perovskites NCs of CsSnCl3 are synthesized by using cost-effective hot-injection method and such NCs are decorated over the Er:ZnO nanowires to passivate the surface defect states. The effect of Er-doping and CsSnCl3 incorporation on structural, optical and luminescence properties of nanowire heterojunctions has been successfully investigated by employing XRD, UV-VIS and PL. The crystal structure of Er:ZnO and Er: ZnO-CsSnCl3 heterojunctions has been analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique, which confirms the polycrystalline nature of nanowires with the formation of a highly crystalline cubic phase of CsSnCl3. The optical absorption of Er:ZnO nanowires and CsSnCl3 NCs are studied by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy and corresponding energy bandgaps are estimated to be 3.31 eV and 3.24 eV, respectively. The oxygen vacancies and complex defect states are minimized in ZnO nanowires by Er-doping and perovskites NCs addition and such CsSnCl3 decorated Er:ZnO nanowires exhibit enhanced UV luminescence as compared to undoped ZnO. Finally, photoresponse of undoped, Er-doped and CsSnCl3 incorporated ZnO nanowires/Si heterojunction has been studied by measuring dark and photo-current and photo-current switching at UV-A wavelength region and such heterojunctions shows excellent photoresponse under self-powered mode. Therefore, such perovskites incorporated Er:ZnO nanowires/Si heterojunction can be a potential candidate for fabricating a highly responsive self-powered UV-detector (UV-A).
High-performance semiconductors for optoelectronic device applications based on hybrid perovskites have been extensively investigated by the research community. However, their degradability and toxicity problem is a serious challenge that should be addressed effectively. Nowadays, double perovskites have been introduced as a promising lead-free alternative which is a combination of two single perovskites in which lead is replaced by monovalent and trivalent cation. Herein, we have chemically prepared a promising, stable, and novel organic-inorganic hybrid lead-free methyl ammonium (MA) based double perovskite material MA2AgBiCl6 by one-pot hydrothermal method. Structural characterization using x-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment confirms the formation of the orthorhombic crystalline phase of MA2AgBiCl6. Further, the examination of the Ultra-violet (UV-vis) spectroscopy characterization of MA2AgBiCl6 affirms the excellent absorbance behavior with a direct and indirect bandgap of 3.58 eV and 2.8 eV respectively. To investigate the optical characteristics of MA2AgBiCl6, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy experiment was performed and it is found that the material is reflecting good photoluminescence nature having a sharp peak at 320 nm which occur due to the band to band transition and carrier recombination of phonons. Furthermore, we performed a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiment on synthesized material to see its surface properties and we have observed the uniform nanotubes like fine and dense structure. Also, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurement reflect the transmittance nature of the prepared material. This detailed investigation on novel double perovskite MA2AgBiCl6 opens a new window for the emerging category of halide-based double perovskites for their possible utility in photovoltaics.
The lead-free halide-based double perovskites (Cs2SnCl6) have gained much attention due to its promising optoelectronic properties, non-toxic nature, and relatively better stability as compared to lead-based perovskites. In the current work, the cost-effective hydrothermal method is employed to synthesize the Bi-doped double perovskite material. Here, systematic incorporation of Bi3+ in Cs2SnCl6 nanocrystal is highly essential to improve the optoelectronic properties and modulate the luminescence. Here, Bi3+ is used as a dopant for host-Cs2SnCl6 nanocrystal and as-synthesis material preserves its cubic structures up to a certain amount of Sn4+ replacement by Bi3+. Such doped and as-synthesized perovskites are characterized in detail by using photoluminescence (PL), Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The PL results show that luminescence peaks around 393 nm are shifted towards the higher wavelength (lower energy) after the appropriate doping of Bi in double perovskite. The UV-Vis spectroscopy exhibits the absorption edge of the as-synthesize and Bi-doped perovskites around ~310 nm and a slight shift is observed after Bi incorporation as compared to the as-synthesized one. Also, bandgap of such perovskites lies in the range of 3.28 eV–3.62 eV. The XRD results demonstrate the diffraction peaks of the Cs2SnCl6 double perovskites at 14.55°, 24.27°, and 29.03°, which originated from the planes of (111), (220), (222) respectively. Finally, chromaticity plots (obtained from the PL) confirm the enhancement of blue luminescence due to the Bi-incorporation. Therefore, all the results confirm that highly stable Bi-doped Cs2SnCl6 perovskites can be a suitable candidate for fabricating several wavelength-tuneable optoelectronic devices.
Despite the increasing flexibility of lead (Pb) based single perovskites for optical applications, the issue of stability and Pb toxicity is a major concern for realizing stable and durable devices. To overcome these drawbacks, it is very important to synthesize new, stable and non-toxic perovskite materials. In this work, we have synthesized and characterized a novel, stable, and lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid halide-based double perovskite (DP) material MA2KBiCl6 for the first time by facile one-step hydrothermal method. The structural characteristic of MA2KBiCl6 is observed at room temperature by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique which confirms the phase formation and is in agreement with the reference data. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of synthesized material was performed at room temperature (300K) to observe its optical characteristics. An excellent photoluminescence phenomenon has been observed in the material due to band-to-band transition as well as phonon-assisted carrier recombination. To see the surface morphology we have done the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at room temperature which indicates the good crystalline behaviour of the synthesized material. Also, MA2KBiCl6 DP exhibit promising absorption phenomena having a direct and indirect bandgap of 3.125 eV and 2.750 eV respectively. Moreover, the transmittance phenomenon has been observed from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This novel finding on the non-toxic double perovskite material MA2KBiCl6 has opened up opportunities for sustainable development of various double perovskite materials for photovoltaic utility.
Despite the increasing flexibility of lead (Pb) based single perovskites for optical applications, the issue of stability and Pb toxicity is a major concern for realizing stable and durable devices. To overcome these drawbacks, it is very important to synthesize new, stable and non-toxic perovskite materials. In this work, we have synthesized and characterized a novel, stable, and lead-free organic-inorganic hybrid halide-based double perovskite (DP) material MA2KBiCl6 for the first time by facile one-step hydrothermal method. The structural characteristic of MA2KBiCl6 is observed at room temperature by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique which confirms the phase formation and is in agreement with the reference data. Furthermore, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of synthesized material was performed at room temperature (300K) to observe its optical characteristics. An excellent photoluminescence phenomenon has been observed in the material due to band-to-band transition as well as phonon-assisted carrier recombination. To see the surface morphology we have done the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at room temperature which indicates the good crystalline behaviour of the synthesized material. Also, MA2KBiCl6 DP exhibit promising absorption phenomena having a direct and indirect bandgap of 3.125 eV and 2.750 eV respectively. Moreover, the transmittance phenomenon has been observed from the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This novel finding on the non-toxic double perovskite material MA2KBiCl6 has opened up opportunities for sustainable development of various double perovskite materials for photovoltaic utility.
A comparative study of Stranski-Krastanov (SK), sub-monolayer (SML) and coupled SK on SML InAs quantum dots as active region in InGaAs/GaAs/AlGaAs DDWELL heterostructure was done. Incorporation of additional high band gap confinement enhancing (CE) AlxGa1-xAs barrier helps to create new energy levels, increase the absorption coefficient, reduce dark current and improve crystalline quality of the heterostructure. This is because of the CE barrier which reduces In-adatom out-diffusion. Three different DDWELL heterostructure A, B and C with active regions as SK, SML and SK on SML respectively, had been modelled using the Nextnano simulation tool keeping all other parameters same. Photoluminescence (PL) emission wavelength, biaxial strains and hydrostatic strain profiles of heterostructures A, B and C were compared. Hydrostatic strain with less magnitude leads to better carrier confinement within the conduction band, and biaxial strain with high magnitude increases splitting between heavy-hole and light- hole bands, generating a red-shift in PL emission wavelength. It can be observed from the computed result that biaxial and hydrostatic strain in the SK QD are enhanced in structure C compared to A. Likewise, biaxial strain and hydrostatic strain in the SML QD stacks are enhanced in structure C compared to B. PL emission wavelength of structures A, B, and C were observed to be 1116nm, 864nm and 1170nm respectively. Therefore, structure C exhibits minimum strain among the heterostructures and highest PL emission wavelength for SWIR applications.
In recent years, inorganic halide-based non-toxic double perovskite (DP) has emerged as a promising group of materials that are more stable than hybrid lead-based organic and inorganic perovskite materials for green energy applications. In this work, first time we report the synthesis of a new inorganic non-toxic halide-based double perovskite Cs2AlBiCl6 by a simple room-temperature synthesis technique. The structural properties of the synthesized material has been observed by using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The observed peaks of XRD were found to be in good agreement with the reference data. To envisage the photo physical properties, we have done the photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy of the synthesized material at low temperature (19 K) and high temperature (300 K). It is clear from the PL spectra that the main peak has been observed around 424 nm corresponding to 2.9 eV energy which also confirms the luminescent behavior of the material. The observed peak in the PL spectra is due to phonon-assisted carrier recombination of the excitons. Also, the PL intensity at low temperature (19K) is high as compared to high temperature (300K) due to a decrease in carrier recombination rate with an increase in temperature. This novel work opens a new path for the synthesis of non-toxic double perovskite materials for photovoltaic and green energy applications.
Lead-devoid halide-based double perovskite (DP) compounds are emerging as a potential candidate to replace the highly toxic and unstable lead-based perovskite materials. Here in this work we have synthesized and characterized a novel double perovskite material Cs2CuBiCl6 for the first time through an easy and commercial chemical route at ambient temperature. Further, we have investigated the morphological and optical behavior of synthesized double perovskite material. To check the crystallinity, phase formation, and purity of the DP, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy has been done at room temperature. A good crystalline and rhombohedral phase has been observed from the XRD plot, which is in good agreement with the reference data (ISCD#239874). Moreover, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at room temperature (300K) of synthesized DP material has been done to observe its optical properties. A broad peak around 500 nm has been observed from the PL spectra corresponding to the energy of 2.5 eV, which further suggests the usefulness of the DP for visible range applications. The observed peak in the PL spectra is due to band-to-band transition and phonon-assisted carrier recombination of the excitons trapping. This novel study on the double perovskite material Cs2CuBiCl6 has opened a new path to develop optoelectronic devices based on non-toxic double perovskite material having better efficiency than the toxic counterpart.
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