The winter of 2022-2023 was characterized by intense dynamic processes associated with the formation of blocks in the middle troposphere and the occurrence of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW) in the stratosphere. The SSW event in January-February 2023 is likely related to prolonged blocking over the Urals and Europe in the second half of January. Lidar measurements of atmospheric temperature based on the use of pure rotational raman spectra on nitrogen and oxygen molecules at altitudes up to 70 km in the Akademgorodok area of Tomsk during the SSW period, and their comparison with WACCM model data and satellite Aura data showed a number of characteristic features associated with changes in the structure of the stratopause due to SSW.
In this work, we evaluated the balance of carbon exchange in the system "atmosphere - biosphere". For this purpose, calculations of the vertical fluxes of carbon dioxide were carried out using the method of gradient measurements. The gradient measurements of carbon dioxide concentration and meteorological parameters were obtained on the territory of the Fonovaya Observatory of the IOA SB RAS during the period from July 2016 to January 2022.
The paper compares the results of numerical modeling of the calculated concentration of aerosol with the results of measurements performed on the territory of the Fonovaya(Background) Observatory.
We have compared Total Cloud Cover (TCC) data from ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis project and precipitation data from the GPCC project in July over 1979 – 2016. The region of our special interest covers Mongolia and southern part of Eastern Siberia. The models predict TCC. It is subject to errors related to physical parameterizations used in the model and needs to be examined. А precipitation from GPCC is a set of observation data interpolated into regular grid points. Although precipitation is indirectly related to cloudiness, we revealed a good agreement in interannual dynamics between two data sets over the region excluding the period 1982 – 1989 with the poor agreement (overestimated TCC data). This fact allows us to use TCC for the study of atmospheric circulation features over Mongolia and southern part of Eastern Siberia in the years with the good agreement of data. We revealed that precipitation intensity in the region depends on East Asian summer monsoon intensity. We also revealed that the atmospheric blocks over Eastern Siberia (90°E – 120°E) were observed for high TCC values and positive precipitation anomalies over the Selenga River basin (1990 and 1993) and there were no blocks over Eastern Siberia for low TCC values and negative precipitation anomalies (1980 and 2007).
The paper studies the changes in the gas composition of the atmosphere in the surface layer for the Tomsk region (Akademgorodok) during the periods of sharp change of air masses. Studies were conducted for the summer seasons (June-August 1993-2018) for the periods of change of air masses from warm to cold. Ozone, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide (O3, CO2, CO, SO2) concentrations were used for the analysis of the change in chemical composition. The concentrations have been derived from TOR station. For the analysis of air mass change, ECMWF Era-Interim data on the potential temperature on the dynamic tropopause (PV-θ) was used. The paper studies the processes air mass change in which the difference of PV-θ anomaly was about 20-30 K. It was found that the concentration of CO2 is mainly increasing, and concentrations of O3 and aerosol are decreasing during the polar intrusion. For CO and SO2, no dependence on a sharp change in the air mass properties was found.
According to satellite monitoring data, the paper provides an analysis of the long-term dynamics of forest fires on the territory of five regions - the Irkutsk Region, the Republic of Buryatia, Transbaikalia, the Amur Region, and the Khabarovsk Territory. In the period 2004-2018, the changes in the area of forest fires (burned area) and the number of fires were. Climatic and circulation factors are considered as the causes of the forest fires. The key factors of high forest fire intensity are the processes of anticyclogenesis, which are developed with the strengthening of the meridional forms of atmospheric circulation in recent decades in Eastern Siberia. The high frequency of blocking anticyclones in the period May-June determines the long-term maintenance of the warm and dry air mass. In the long-term dynamics throughout the study area, there is an increase in temperature and a decrease in relative humidity.
It is shown that in the Siberian region the most intense fires are associated with atmospheric blocking (blocks), as well as the processes of Rossby waves breaking (RWB). Blocks and RWB in Siberia and Russian Far East in summertime both cause high temperatures, low humidity, and the decrease of clouds. Methane emissions from wildfires in Western Siberia during periods of atmospheric blocking are studied based on the Global Fire Assimilation System (GFAS) and the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED). Both datasets have shown a sharp increase in methane emissions during or a few days after blocks. Methane emissions associated with blocks are higher according to GFAS data, compared to GFED. Even though for both datasets, there are problems with the correction of cloudiness, for GFAS, the problem of identification and correction of hot spot associated with gas flaring is probably more significant.
The paper presents the results of the estimations of vertical methane fluxes obtained by using the gradient method. The gradient measurements of methane concentration and meteorological parameters have been obtained from the Observatory Fonovaya of V.E. Zuev Atmospheric optics institute SB RAS from July 2016 to December 2018.
A positive correlation was found between annual variation of lightning activity and frequency of atmospheric blocking in July at longitude of around 70 ± 5 E (Western Siberia). There was also a negative correlation between frequency of atmospheric blocking in July in Western Siberia and lightning activity in the southeastern part at longitude of about 120- 130 E. It was confirmed by the spatial analysis of the blocking frequency and CAPE resulting positive correlation in the region of Western Siberia and negative correlation in eastern part of North Asia.
Vertical fluxs of carbon dioxide have been calculated with the use of data measured at a high measurement tower located at the territory of the Fonovaya Observatory of IAO SB RAS. The measurements have been carried out in the period from August 2015 to December 2018.
Since 1996, a low-water period has been observed in the Lake Baikal basin. The decrease of inflow to Lake Baikal is related to reduce of the summer discharge of the Selenga River, whose basin makes 83.4% of Lake Baikal catchment area. The decrease of river discharge is mainly due to a decrease of midsummer precipitations over the basin that occurs, preferentially, when the frontal system of the East Asian summer monsoon weakens. Some authors suggested that the reason for the East Asian summer monsoon variations is the features of atmospheric circulation at the mid- and high latitudes of Eurasia. In particular, atmospheric blockings can play an important role. We previously showed the features of formation of July rainfall in the Selenga River basin in different positions of blocking over Eurasia. We showed that precipitation tends to fall out in Mongolian part of the river basin when blocking is displaced from Western Siberia (WS) to Eastern Siberia (ES). Blocking in these cases may have a dipole configuration with anticyclonic part over Eastern Siberia and cyclonic part over Mongolia. In this work we continue to study blockings over Siberia and their relations with precipitation in the Selenga River basin in July. As a result we have formulated the following summaries regarding the relationship of WS-blocking and precipitation in the Selenga basin. 1. The maximum amount of precipitation is possible in case of complete blocking offset from West to East Siberia and formation of blocking over the eastern Siberia. 2. The amount of precipitation is not high if the blocking moves from the WS to the ES without formation of blocking over the eastern Siberia. 3. Precipitation in the basin does not fall out in the case of the blocking, which weakly shifts at the end of their life cycle. 4. There is a relationship between lifetime, intensity blocking and its movement over the WS. The stronger the blocking over the WS, the less it moves.
KEYWORDS: Ozone, System on a chip, Gases, Atmospheric optics, Temperature metrology, Ultraviolet radiation, Troposphere, Climatology, Atmospheric modeling, Photochemistry
The relationship between the surface ozone concentration and the air temperature (O3-T) is rather strong. It is more pronounced for day-to-day variations of O3 and T for every particular month in comparison with year-to-year variations of monthly average values. The O3-T relationship is variable from one year to another. The correlation coefficient can be both positive (achieving about 0.8) and negative. The analysis of some cases revealed that the magnitude of O3-T relationship depends on the character of atmospheric circulation. For the analyzed situations, the O3-Т correlation was stronger at the well-developed advection processes and dynamic alternation of air masses. We have found that the increase of the surface ozone concentration and the air temperature at the measurement site for the cases of threefold and higher excess of the maximum permissible diurnal average ozone concentration (MPCda) occurs synchronously with the alternation of air masses. The analysis of the geopotential height gradient (GHGS) [1] and the corresponding behavior of the potential temperature at the level of dynamic tropopause has demonstrated that, in general, GHGS well reflects the dynamics of air mass alternation, at least, for the most of analyzed cases of heat and cold waves. The use of the rigorous blocking criterions (GHGS>0) yielded no positive results. In addition, no one case of threefold and higher excess of MPCda of ozone was observed for the conditions of “actual” blocking with a duration of five and more days.
The verification of the results of numerical simulation of the distribution of anthropogenic emissions of the Norilsk industrial zone using the WRF-CHEM model using airborne sounding data carried out in 13 August 2004 was carried out. The results of numerical modelling of the distribution of the concentration of sulphur dioxide, ozone and mass concentration of aerosol reproduce qualitatively the distributions obtained during airborne sounding. Quantitative estimates showed that the root-mean-square error for sulphur dioxide, the mass concentration of aerosol PM2.5 and ozone, calculated for all three flights, was 36 ppb, 3.4 μg/m3, 7.7 ppb, respectively.
Models for estimating the regional transport of active and passive impurities based on the data of route observations in the vicinity of point and area sources are proposed. Approbation of models on the data of airborne probing of atmospheric pollution in the Norilsk industrial region was carried out. In the range of distances of 60-100 km from the source of emissions, the active gas-to-particle conversion was analyzed on the basis of the observed data.
We study the atmospheric blocking event evolution peculiarities over the Siberia and Far Eastern region (Russia) during summertime. Compared are two methods to identify blockings: from the 500 hPa (Z500) isobaric surface height distribution, and from the potential temperature at the dynamic tropopause (PV-θ) for every July 1979 through 2016. We revealed the situations, where blockings are identified only in one of the characteristics. Blocking identification by the PV-θ characteristics is complicated in the cases, when its cyclonic part appears to be filled with air masses of the southern origin, due to which there is no meridional gradient reversal in the PV-θ region. In the Z500 region, the difficulties to identify blocking events may arise in those cases, when the baric field fails to adapt to rapid changes in the temperature field associated with the air mass advection. For example, such events often occur over the ocean surface. We performed a synoptic analysis for several blocking events from the data on the velocity field dynamics at 850 hPа and PV-θ supplemented by the analysis of the observational rainfall data at the stations during those events. Distinguished were several stages of the blocking evolution over the Siberia and Far Eastern region that involved air masses from the East Asian summer monsoon region: 1. The formation of a blocking over Western Siberia; 2. Cold inflow on the blocking eastern periphery, the East Asian summer monsoon front activation, and a cyclone formation (east of Lake Baikal), in whose system the monsoon air was actively involved. Such monsoon cyclones, as a rule, are deep long-living formations, and they bring abnormal precipitations; 3. The formation of a ridge or anticyclone east of the monsoon cyclone, caused by the advection of the same monsoon flow, whose part is involved in a cyclone system. In general, the East Asian summer monsoon influence comes to the effects of regeneration and intensification of the blocking circulating systems. Those effects are often accompanied by strong droughts in some regions and floods in others.
Vertical flux of ozone and the dry deposition rate have been calculated with the data measured at a high weather tower installed at the territory of Fonovaya (Background) Observatory of IAO SB RAS. The measurements were conducted in the period from February till July of 2016. It is shown that there are well pronounced diurnal dynamics of the vertical ozone flux and the dry deposition rate, which are inverse with respect to each other.
In this work presented calculations results of vertical ozone flux in atmospheric surface layer. This flux was calculate, using measurement data from vertical mast located on the territory of the observatory Fonovy since September 2015 until March 2016. Significant daily flux dynamics was record in September, February and March. Minimal flux observed at nighttime, then maximal flux observed at daytime and reached: -3.8, -3.2, -3.4, μg/(m22s) month relatively. For the October, November, December, and January significant daily dynamic is absent, daily value ux were -2.3 ± 0.2, -1.6 ± 0.2, -1.5 ± 0.3, -0.7 ± 0.3 μg/(m22s) relatively.
Calculation results with algorithm reconstitution of vertical ozone source profile, shows that in inside daily period, in background areas of West Siberia, photo-chemical ozone formation prevailing above ozone inflow process from overlying stratum.
The ozone formation rate in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and the ozone inflow from the free atmosphere have been studied experimentally. The obtained estimates are based on the data of airborne sounding carried out over a background region of Western Siberia. As a result, it is obtained that the rate of ozone inflow from the upper atmospheric layers is only 20% of the rate of photochemical formation of ozone inside ABL. The vertical profiles of ozone flows in ABL have been additionally calculated based on the k-theory with the approach proposed by Troen and Mahrt. It has been shown in the calculations that the maximum of the ozone concentration in ABL is formed due to photochemical reactions from precursor gases.
In this paper the results of the vertical ozone flux profiles calculated within the lower troposphere over background area of west Siberia are presented. The data on the vertical distribution of the ozone and meteorological parameters derived from AN-2 aircraft measurements supplemented by radiosonde launches. Profiles of turbulent diffusion coefficient were calculated based on “K-theory” with the use of nonlocal closure scheme – “Troen and Mahrt”. Calculations confirmed earlier findings that the formation of the daytime ozone maximum in the atmospheric boundary layer occurs due to its photochemical production from precursors.
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