We present a flexible and automated technique to evaluate the quality of periodically poled crystals throughout their entire volume. By translating the crystal perpendicular to the pump laser beam and recording the parametric signal conversion efficiency simultaneously, we were able to quantitatively describe the homogeneity of the ferroelectric domain structure in periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) and potassium titanyl phosphate (Rb:PPKTP) crystals. This analysis included crystals with single, multi, and fan-out grating designs. Such evaluation is non-destructive, achieves precise control and resolution, and provides a practical assessment of the overall efficiency of the quasi-phase-matched device.
Subnanosecond pulse duration optical parametric generator (OPG) based on fan-out grating design MgO:PPLN crystal is demonstrated. In a fan-out grating design crystal, the effective grating period and thus quasi-phase-matching (QPM) conditions change continuously throughout the width of the crystal. We show that the OPG, based on a fan-out periodically poled crystal and pumped by a micro-laser system, permits a compact and effective subnanosecond coherent light source that could be rapidly, widely, and continuously tunable in the near-infrared spectral region (1.4- 4.4 μm) just by laterally displacing the crystal with up to 50% conversion efficiency. Full characterization of the OPG is performed and the feasibility of broadband OPG output is evaluated with the addition of numerical calculations based on a nonlinear model.
This work has received funding from European Regional Development Fund (project No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-03-0004) under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT).
Optical parametric light generation is a unique way to obtain continuously tunable laser radiation in a wide spectral region. Relatively inexpensive and compact subnanosecond (100 ps - 1 ns) optical parametric generators (OPG) with broad wavelength tunability are needed for a variety of applications that do not require the high temporal resolution supplied by expensive and sophisticated ultrashort (<10 ps) laser systems, but nanosecond (>1 ns) time resolution is not sufficient. Such applications are spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence, detection of chemical materials, nonlinear microscopy, biochemical research and differential absorption lidar to name a few. Development and the reduced cost of the passively Q-switched micro-laser manufacturing technologies permits them to be used as a high energy pump source for subnanosecond OPGs. Such micro-laser pumped subnanosecond OPGs would allow the implementation of low-cost, compact, continuously tunable laser radiation sources suitable for the aforementioned applications, especially in near-infrared (NIR) and visible (VIS) spectral ranges where the demand is high. To date, no subnanosecond OPGs based on short (up to 2 cm in length) periodically poled (PP) crystals have been demonstrated that could also be continuously tunable over a wide spectral range. Long PP crystals are more expensive, therefore implementation and investigation of such OPGs would be commercially attractive. Here we investigate parametric light generator based on short (up to 2 cm in length) periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystal pumped by 473 ps pulses from a 1 mJ energy micro-laser. Experimentally measured spatial, temporal and energy characteristics of the generated light from different length PPLN crystals are shown and supplemented by numerical simulations of parametric generation in a nonlinear dispersive medium.
This work has received funding from European Regional Development Fund (project No. 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-03-0004) under grant agreement with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT).
Material surfaces irradiated with laser radiation under specific conditions can lead to laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS) formation. The formation of these surface structures is a robust one-step method that allows for high throughput and cheap surface nano-structuring with spatial periods that can be greatly lower than the irradiating laser wavelength. Typically, a structural size ranges from several micrometers down to less than 100 nm and the structures strongly correlate with the polarization direction of the light used for their formation.
The regularity of LIPSS formation depends on various laser and material parameters. Some metals can exhibit highly regular LIPSS (HR-LIPSS) when the correct conditions are met. One of the main drawbacks of precise LIPSS texturization is the difficulty in controlling the ripple quality. Thus, understanding the processes which lead to HR-LIPSS formation is one step in making laser-based material texturization more prevalent.
The aim of this research was to create highly regular surface structures and investigate how the ripple formation depends on various laser and material properties. The experiment was carried out using femtosecond laser systems. Different laser harmonics modules were used for the LIPSS formation to cover both the IR and UV wavelengths.
Structures were formed on various steel, copper, aluminum, and titanium samples employing different laser wavelengths, pulse energies, pulse overlaps, and polarizations. The resulting surface structures were then examined both visually and with the help of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). LIPSS images taken by SEM were then digitally processed to calculate the distribution of LIPSS orientation angle (DLOA) which characterizes the regularity of the surface structures.
We show that by using ultraviolet femtosecond laser sources, choosing the right pulse energy, pulse overlap values, and sufficiently sharp focusing lens, HR-LIPSS can be formed on metals for which highly regular ripples don’t form using infrared laser radiation.
Experimental investigation of the laser conditioning efficiency by nanosecond pulses at 266 and 355 nm in high
reflectivity mirrors used in optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) is present in this report. The high reflection coatings
were deposited on the fused silica substrates. The materials used for e-beam coating deposition were ZrO2 and SiO2.
Laser conditioning was investigated as function of number of pulses, wavelength and conditioning protocol. Ramped-fluence
pre-exposure was used as a method to explore optimal improvement to the damage performance at 266 and
355 nm. No conditioning effect was observed using nanosecond pulses at 266 nm, but the mirror conditioning with
355 nm pulses increased the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) by 2.5-3 times. The experimental results support the
concept that the laser conditioning effect observed in high quality optical thin films is associated with intrinsic electronic
defects in the films.
We report the optimization of a tunable source of near-infrared radiation based on a multigrating periodically poled
lithium niobate (PPLN). The pump source for the PPLN optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was diode pumped Qswitched
nanosecond Nd:YVO4 laser emitting the radiation at 1064 nm with the pulse repetition rate from 0.2 kHz to
40 kHz. The influence of the output-coupler and the resonator length on the efficiency of the PPLN OPO was
investigated. For this aim eight mirrors with different reflectance were tested. A minimum threshold of 30 μJ was
measured. The highest output power was 660 mW at 1.64 μm when the pump power was 3 W at 15 kHz pulse repetition
rate. The bulk grating periods of the PPLN structure determined the signal in the range of 1.49-2.1 μm and idler in the range of 2.1-3.8 μm.
We report standardized absorption and scattering losses measurements of the nonlinear crystals LiInSe2 and LiInS2 in IR range by high average power 1064 nm radiation and tunable radiation of optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on a
periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) pumped by a diode-pumped, Q-switched TEM00 mode Nd:YVO4 laser
operated at 1064 nm.
We report standardized absorption and scattering losses measurements of the nonlinear crystals LiInSe2 and LiInS2 in IR
range by high average power 1064 nm radiation and tunable radiation of optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on a
periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) pumped by a diode-pumped, Q-switched TEM00 mode Nd:YVO4 laser
operated at 1064 nm.
We report the absorption and scattering losses measurements in IR range by high average power tunable radiation of optical parametric oscillator (OPO) based on a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) pumped by a diode-pumped, Q-switched TEM00 mode Nd:YVO4 laser operated at 1064 nm.
All laser components can withstand a limited intensity of optical radiation and the measurement of laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDT) is required. In the case of repetitive pulses the LIDT measurements should be performed according ISO 11254-2 standard. This procedure is time consuming and puts a high requirement on human resources. In order to speed up the LIDT measurements with a minimal human resource we developed the automated station for LIDT measurements according ISO-11254-2 standard. In this paper we overview the main parts of this automated station and present the results of LIDT measurements with repetitive pulses. In order to control the LIDT measurements, software based on LabView programming package was created. The LIDT software controls experimental sample positioning in X and Y directions, laser pulse energy attenuation and shutter. It also automates damage detection and performs statistical analysis. The program recognizes damage by detecting scattered light from damaged surface. The input of sample and laser beam technical parameters is required to start the measurements. The minimal distance between test sites on the sample surface is calculated automatically, and the surface area is divided in to a hexagonal matrix. The program also chooses the laser pulse train energy for each test site. The program also allows fast damage inspection by translating the sample under the Nomarski microscope. After completion of measurement and damage inspection, the program automatically generates the measurement report.
We report the optimisation of a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a diode-pumped, Q-switched multiaxial TEM00 mode Nd:YAG laser operated at 1064 nm. Total conversion efficiency exceeding 66 % was achieved. This OPO is used in a coherent spectrophotometer for optical component characterisation.
We report on the development and use of coherent spectrophotometers specialized for the unusual requirements of characterizing nonlinear optical materials and multilayer dielectric coatings used in laser systems. A large dynamic range is required to measure the linear properties of transmission, reflection and absorption and nonlinear properties of laser-induced damage threshold and nonlinear frequency conversion. Optical parametric oscillators generate coherent radiation that is widely tunable with instantaneous powers that can range from milliwatts to megawatts and are well matched to this application. As particular example a laser spectrophotometer based on optical parametric oscillators and a diode-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and suitable for optical characterization in the spectral range 420-4500 nm is described. Measurements include reflectance and transmittance, absorption, scattering and laser-induced damage thresholds. Possibilities of a system based on a 130-fs Ti:sapphire laser and optical parametric generators are also discussed.
Within the EUREKA-project EU 2359 (Instruments and Standard Test Procedures for Laser Beam and Optics Characterization) a "Round-Robin"-experiment on reflectivity measurements at the wavelength λ = 1.06 μm has been carried out. The topic of this "Round-Robin"-experiment was the evaluation of the Working Draft ISO/WD 13697 and Committee Draft ISO/CD 15368 and the comparison to simple transmission and reflectivity measurements.
For the determination of transmittance and reflectance of laser components, commercially available spectrophotometers are used in industry to monitor the quality at a medium accuracy level. If a higher level of precision is required, especially to resolve the reflectivity of high-reflecting dielectric mirrors, the measurement set-up described in ISO/WD 13697 should be preferred. This standard procedure was elaborated in the framework of the CHOCLAB project.
This paper analyzes the results of the "Round-Robin"-experiment; the accuracy and comparability of measurements according to different methods will be given.
A laser spectrophotometer based on optical parametric oscillators for characterization of optical coatings in the spectral range 420 - 4500 nm is described. The characterization includes measurements of reflectance and transmittance, absorption losses, and laser-induced damage thresholds. The master oscillator of the pump-laser system is a diode-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Additional power, when needed for laser-induced damage threshold measurements, is obtained from flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG amplifiers. Operation of the laser spectrometer is demonstrated by absorptance measurements and reflectance and transmission measurements of optical coatings over a wide range of angle of incidence. Damage thresholds are measured both with the OPO output and with the direct output and harmonics of the output of the amplified laser system.
We report polarization dependent measurements of absorptance of some crystal performed according to the ISO11551 standard by the 'pulse' or 'gradient' calorimetric method at 1064 and 532 nm using a pulsed, diode-pumped, Q-switched YAG:Nd laser.
We report the optimization of a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a diode-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operated at 1064 nm. Total conversion efficiency exceeding 66 percent was achieved.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.