We have developed a material system, a fabrication process, and optical designs that allow for direct integration of patternable optical components onto microelectronics and optoelectronics platforms. The spin-on-glass is a sol-gel platform that has a low waveguide loss with the ability to incorporate a waveguide amplifier. Our material and process includes the ability to fabricate 3-D structures in a single photolithography step. In this paper, we present details of our fabrication process, general materials characteristics, and some optical designs for planar lightwave circuit platforms.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Near field optics, Scanning probe microscopy, Signal detection, Ferroelectric materials, Diffraction, Raman scattering, Image analysis, Image quality
The spatial resolution afforded by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is primarily a function of tip size and tip-sample separation. Combining scanning force microscopy with NSOM allows one to maintain a small tip-sample separation distance and, consequently, optimize NSOM resolution. This provides, simultaneously, a topographic perspective of the sample as well as an NSOM image. We present, in this paper, an instrument that provides simultaneous shear force and reflection NSOM images. We also incorporate a tip deflection detection scheme that allows the force signal to be completely decoupled from the optical signal. In order to accurately analyze the NSOM images, it is important to understand the feedback mechanism so that proper image deconvolution can be performed. Considerations concerning the forces measured are made. A discussion concerning Raman scattering capabilities in this regime is also provided, along with some preliminary Raman data.
KEYWORDS: Near field scanning optical microscopy, Scattering, Spatial resolution, Signal detection, Imaging systems, Image resolution, Optical transfer functions, Metals, Near field optics, Scanning probe microscopy
Several issues concerning lateral spatial resolution in scanning optical microscopes, SOM's, are addressed. After identifying what is meant by resolution in an SOM, the role of probe tip morphology is discussed. Consideration of the physical mechanism of signal transduction is made, and fundamental differences between near field SOM's and evanescent field SOM's are underscored. Therole of dithering of the probe tip in improving resolution is demonstrated and discussed.
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