We report on continuously tunable operation of a diode pumped lasers based on Tm-doped materials, emitting
in the 1.8 - 2.μ1 m spectral band. In our study we compare results obtained with three various single crystals
doped by Tm3+ ions: Yttrium Aluminum perovskite YAP (YAlO3), Gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO4, and
Yttrium Lithium Fluoride YLF (YLiF4). Following samples were available: the 3mm long a-cut crystal rod of
Tm:YAP with 4% at. Tm/Y (diameter 3 mm); the 8mm long b-cut crystal rod of Tm:YLF with 3.5% at. Tm/Y
(diameter 3 mm); the 2.7mm long a-cut crystal block of Tm:GdVO4 with 2% at. Tm/Gd (crystal face 5×3 mm).
For active medium pumping, the laser diode radiation was used. Because the tested samples differs significantly
in absorption spectra, two fibre-coupled (core diameter 400 µm) temperature-tuned laser diodes were used: first
operating at wavelength 793nm was used for Tm:YAP and Tm:YLF; the second operating at wavelength 802nm
was used for Tm:GdVO4. In both cases, the continuous power up to 20W was available for pumping. The diode
radiation was focused into the active crystal by two achromatic doublet lenses with the focal length f = 75 mm.
The measured radius of pumping beam focus inside the crystal was 260 µm. The longitudinally diode pumped
crystals were tested in linear, 80mm long, hemispherical laser cavity. The curved (radius 150mm) output coupler
reflectivity was ~ 97 % in range from 1.8 up to 2.1 μm. The pumping flat mirror had maximal reflectivity in this
range and it had high transmission around 0.8 μm. A 1.5mm thick birefringent plate made from quartz (Lyot
filter) inserted under a Brewster's angle was used as a tuning element. This plate was placed inside the resonator
between the crystal and the output coupler. Using Tm:YAP crystal, the maximal output power of 2.8W in
this set-up was obtained. The laser could be tuned from 1865nm up to 2036nm with a maximum at 1985 nm.
Laser based on Tm:YLF crystal was tunable from 1835nm up to 2010nm with a maximum at 1928 nm (3.0W
was reached). Using the Tm:GdVO4 tunable operation with greater that 1W output at 1920nm and 130nm
tuning range (1842-1972 nm) was demonstrated. The overall reached tuning range of over 200nm covers many
important atmospheric absorption lines and contains also the local absorption peak of liquid water, making them
attractive for applications such as high resolution spectroscopy, atmospheric remote sensing, laser radar, and
laser microsurgery.
Lasing and fluorescence behavior of thulium doped YVO4, GdVO4, and LuVO4 single crystals were investigated
under pulsed pumping with variable duty cycle up to CW. This allowed us to study properties of these crystals
in dependence on thermal load in a broad range. Following crystals were investigated: Tm:YVO4 (5 at.% Tm/Y,
grown by the Czochralski technique), Tm:GdVO4 (2, 4, and 6 at.% Tm/Gd, grown by the floating-zone technique),
and Tm:LuVO4 (3 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the floating-zone technique). For pumping a fibre-coupled (core diameter
400 μm) laser diode operating in range from 800 up to 803nm was used (available CW power 20 W). All tested
crystals were investigated under CW and pulsed pumping (pulse length 4 ms). Under pulsed pumping (4% duty
cycle), the lasing was demonstrated with all samples. Under CW pumping only Tm:GdVO4 crystal was lasing.
For Tm:YVO4 and Tm:LuVO4 crystals, a lasing was not reached for pumping with duty cycle higher than 60 %,
and the strong blue emission was observed. Detailed measurement of visible emission for broad range of pumping
duty cycles (from 4 up to 60%) showed the exponential increase of Tm3+ integral emission intensity in bands
around 480 and 700 nm. Comparison with the results obtained for fixed duty cycle and variable crystal holder
temperature (290 - 310 K) allowed us to find a relation between the duty cycle and temperature of pumped part
of the crystal. Measurement of infrared fluorescence temporal behavior in dependence on duty cycle gives us
possibility to study a relative population of lasing level in dependence on temperature.
Thulium doped vanadates Tm:YVO4 (5 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the Czochralski technique), Tm:GdVO4 (2 and
6 at.% Tm/Gd, grown by the floating-zone technique), and Tm:LuVO4 (3 at.% Tm/Y, grown by the floating-zone
technique) were investigated as an active medium for diode pumped tunable laser operating around 1.9 μm. For
thulium laser tuning single 1.5mm thick Brewster-angled birefringent quartz plate (Lyot filter) was placed in
simple 80mm long linear quasi-hemispherical resonator. For thulium doped vanadates pumping a fibre-coupled
(core diameter 400 μm) temperature-tuned laser diode operating in range from 799 up to 810nm was used
(max available power 20 W). All tested crystals were investigated under CW and pulsed pumping. Under pulsed
pumping (4% duty-cycle, reduced heat generation) lasing and laser tuning was demonstrated with all available
samples. Lasers were tunable in following wavelength ranges: Tm:YVO4 5 at.% Tm/Y (1841 - 1927 nm),
Tm:GdVO4 2 at.% Tm/Gd (1830 - 1982 nm), 6 at.% Tm/Gd (1850 - 2010 nm), and Tm:LuVO4 3 at.% Tm/Lu
(1860 - 1940 nm). Under CW pumping only Tm:GdVO4 crystal was lasing (lasing of Tm:YVO4 and Tm:LuVO4
was not reached under elevated pumping duty factor). Using Tm:GdVO4 (2 at.% Tm/Gd) the power up to 2.6W
and slope effciency ~ 30% (with respect to absorbed power at 808nm under lasing condition) was obtained at
wavelength 1.91 μm. Tunable operation with greater that 1W output and 130nm tuning range (1842 - 1972 nm)
was demonstrated for Tm:GdVO4 (2 at.% Tm/Gd) pumped at 802 nm.
Pulsed tunable diode-pumped Tm:YAP laser was characterized and used for preliminary investigation in eye
microsurgery. By means of Lyot filter, the laser emission was tuned between a high (120 cm-1 @ 1940 nm) and two
times lower (50 cm-1 @ 2040 nm) value of radiation absorption in water.
In the interaction experiment, the eye tissue (in vitro) was irradiated with tunable Tm:YAP laser radiation, and the effects
of cutting and coagulation depth in wavelength range from 1940 nm up to 2040 nm were investigated. The results were
documented by optical microscope.
Tunable solid-state laser sources emitting in the 2 μm wavelength region are important for applications in atmospheric
monitoring and laser radar because many molecular absorption lines are present there. We report
on continuously tunable operation of a diode pumped Tm:YAP laser, which is among the most efficient laser
materials emitting in the 1.9−2 μm spectral band, while continuous tuning of this material has not yet been
reported. The 3mm long a-cut (Pbnm) crystal sample with 4% at. doping was used. The 400 μm fiber was used
to deliver up to 17W of pump power to the coupling optics. The differential efficiency in respect to the absorbed
pump power reached 57% while the attained optical-to-optical efficiency was 48%. The maximal output of 4.8W
was only limited by the available pump power and relatively low sample absorption. The free running wavelength
was measured at 1.99 μm. A 1.5mm thick birefringent plate made from quartz inserted under a Brewster's angle
was used as a tuning element. The maximal output power of 3.85W in this set-up was obtained. The laser could
be tuned from 1869nm up to 2036nm with a maximum at 1985 nm. The tuning range of over 160nm covers many
important atmospheric absorption lines. In this wavelength range, the absorption depth in water changes from
100 μm (laser wavelength 1.94 μm) to 400 μm (wavelength 1.87 μm) making it potentially attractive for medical
applications as a laser scalpel with variable cutting depth.
We present an overview of diode-pumped solid-state lasers with negative feedback stabilization. Active stabilization by means of direct modulation of cavity losses was utilized in several Nd-based quasi-continuous-wave lasers mode-locked by saturable Bragg reflectors (SBR). The stabilization acts to eliminate the relaxation-oscillation-driven spiking after laser oscillation turn-on. Stable continuous-wave modelocking was observed in as little as 10 μs after laser turned on where the leading spike was reduced or completely eliminated dependent on the gain material and the operating wavelength. Stabilization was also used to prevent Q-switching instabilities in a continuous-wave SBR-modelocked Nd:KGW laser resulting in an extended operational parameter range and pulse shortening by up to 35%. Stabilization of passively mode-locked lasers could alternatively be achieved using an intra-cavity element exhibiting nonlinear absorption, which was demonstrated using an Indium Phosphide plate. Pulse shortening by up to 30% was permitted as the modulation depth of the SBR could be increased whilst maintaining stable cw modelocking. Active stabilization was also employed for Tm-based lasers emitting in the 1.9 - 2 μm wavelength region as these lasers suffer from inherent amplitude instability and sensitivity to cavity perturbation. Passive stabilization of a Tm:YAlO laser utilizing a germanium plate was also investigated.
Raman, spectroscopic and laser investigation of new multifunctional Nd3+:SrWO4 laser active and Raman crystal are presented. Efficient intracavity stimulated Raman scattering in Nd3+:SrWO4 laser was obtained at 1.16 μm.
Special hollow glass waveguides were developed for delivery of high power infrared laser radiation. Maximum peak power up to 1.5 GW and mean power up to 5 W were delivered without any breakdown. For the medical application, the sealed version of the hollow glass waveguide was used.
We report on the development of passively Q-switched Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP lasers with solid-state stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) frequency conversion to 1.2-μm. A new barium tungstate (BaWO4) crystal was investigated as nonlinear converter. Diode pumped Nd:YAG quasi-continuous-wave slab laser, operated at 14-Hz repetition rate, was passively Q-switched by a Cr4+:YAG crystal. A three-mirror linear laser cavity with BaWO4 crystal produced the maximal Raman-shifted output pulse energy of 2.3 mJ. The first Stokes output energy was 1.5 mJ corresponding to 0.4 MW peak power. The SRS conversion efficiency with respect to laser operation at the fundamental wavelength was estimated to 55%. Flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAP laser was passively Q-switched by a BDN II thin film and the repetition rate was 2 Hz. The maximal first Stokes output energy was 12 mJ and the pulse peak power was 1.7 MW. Solid state Raman laser technology can therefore be employed to reach new laser output wavelengths using simple, reliable, and compact arrangements with a use of well-developed Nd-doped host lasers.
Investigation of the special constructed hollow glass waveguides was realized. Maximum mean power transmitted via this delivery system was 5.8 W (for alexandrite radiation) or 5.1 W (for mid infrared Er.YAG light). Maximum output intensity 173 GW/cm2 was reached for delivery of 55 psec long Nd:YAG pulses.
All-solid-state diode-pumped intracavity Raman laser was realized. The laser was based on three-mirror linear cavity with triangular Brewster-angle-cut Nd:YAG slab crystal pumped by 300 W quasi CW diode Q-switched by Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber operated at 1064 nm. The BaWO4 crystal (6×6×33 mm) was used as a Raman converter. After the Raman laser optimization for the first Stokes (1180 nm) the reproducible conversion efficiency was about 40%. The corresponding output energy and pulse duration were 1.46 mJ and 3.5 ns, respectively. The highest Raman laser output energy was reached 2.3 mJ (efficiency 55%). The second and third Stokes with first anti-Stokes lines were also detected at the laser output.
Due to increasing number of requirements dealing with the application of a high energy mid-infrared radiation in various branches of medicine (cardiology, dentistry, dermatology, urology, gastroenterology), an enough flexible and lossless delivery system is required. For a transport of this high energy pulses in a mid-infrared region special cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguides were prepared and tested. A length of the waveguides was 0.5 m and inner diameter 1 mm. As a radiation source, an Er:YAG laser was used. The system generated the energy up to 2.16 J or 2.35 J (in dependence on a repetition rate used - 3 Hz or 4 Hz, respectively). The length of transmitted pulses was measured to be from 110 up to 550 usec in dependence on output energy used. The output radiation was coupled into the COP/Ag waveguide and a throughput and losses values were measured in dependence to input radiation parameters. The transmission obtained was 91%. The maximum delivered energy was dependent on a damage threshold of the waveguide. It was found that the damage threshold is dependent on the repetition rate which shows the dependences on the heat dissipated in the waveguide wall. The value of the damage was 1.7 J and 1.5 J for 3 Hz and 4 Hz repetition rate, respectively. The safe delivered power reached the value of 5 W. The characteristics obtained make this specially constructed COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide promising for the delivery of high-energy laser pulses in medicine and also in other applications.
New Nd:SrWO4 and SrMoO4 crystals (45 mm and 33 mm of legnth, respectively) were investigated as Raman frequency converters of 50 picosecond Nd:YAG pulses and compared with already previously measured BaWO4 and KGd(WO4)2(KGW) tungstate crystals (33 mm and 40 mm of length, respectively). A forward SRS action was achieved in both new crystals. During the experiment the threshold energy of stimulated Raman process, generated wavelengths, and conversion efficiencies were measured. Single-pass first Stokes conversion efficiencies reached 25% and 21% for Nd:SrWO4 and SrMoO4 crystals, respectively. These values were compared with the maximal first Stokes efficiencies of previously studied crystals measured in the same experimental setup yielding: BaWO4 (η = 25% and KGW (η = 22%). As concerned the threshold - it was comparable for BaWO4, Nd:SrWO4, and SrMoO4. The SRS effect in KGW crystal started for ~25% higher pump energy. Our study shows that new Nd:SrWO4 and SrMoO4 crystals are other promising materials for picosecond Raman generation.
Detailed study of Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) of 1.06- micrometers , 50-ps pulses in BaWO4 and KGW crystals was performed. Single-pass, double-pass and Raman cavity arrangements were compared regarding threshold intensity, conversion efficiency and pulse structure. Single-pass conversion efficiencies reached 25 percent for both BaWO4 and KGW. Double passing of the pump beam slightly improved the efficiency to 35 percent. Placing the BaWO4 crystal into a cavity and optimizing the performance by varying the output coupler spectral characteristics and the resonator length, 55 percent pump-to-first-Stokes efficiency has been obtained. The maximum of the Raman laser output energy was 3 mJ. The output consisted of 2-4 picosecond pulses at the 1180 nm wavelength. Dependence of the BaWO4 Raman laser output beam structure on the pumping energy was studied. The concentric ring profile, typical for transient SRS, was homogenized using a cyclic olefin polymer coated silver hollow glass waveguide. A similar study was performed with KGW crystal, for which the first Stokes wavelengths are 1159 nm or 1177 nm, depending on the sample orientation. Due to lower gain value, Raman laser energy reached 2 mJ and maximum efficiency was 30 percent. Based on our comparative study, a new BaWO4 crystal is highly suitable for utilization in the near IR picosecond Raman lasers.
A compact Nd:YAP solid-state oscillator/amplifier laser system with a possibility of fast wavelength switching from 1.34 micrometers to 1.08 micrometers and with a reliable flexible radiation transport device was developed. The laser oscillator was composed of two rear mirrors, inner for 1.34 micrometers and outer for 1.08 micrometers generation. An output resonator mirror was common to both wavelengths. A crystal of V3+:YAG was used as a passive mode-locker at 1.34 micrometers Nd:YAP laser transition, and BDN II foil served as a saturable absorber at 1.08 micrometers laser wavelength. Both resonators were separated by a mechanical shutter. A single flashlamp oscillator-amplifier cavity configuration was utilized in order to keep the device compact and small in dimensions. At the output, either a train of 1 nsec long 1.3 micrometers pulses with the energy up to 30 mJ, or 20 nsec long 1.08 micrometers giant pulses with the energy up to 100 mJ were generated. A cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguide with the optimal coupler was used for the radiation delivery. The measured transmission for 1m long waveguide reached 93 percent and 80 percent for 1.34 micrometers and 1.08 micrometers , respectively. This alternative double- wavelength system can be suitable for medical or industrial applications.
For delivery of powerful radiation in visible spectral region--cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguides with a length of 1 m and inner diameters of 1 mm were tested. As radiation sources--alexandrite electro- optically Q-switched laser generating tunable radiation centered at 750 nm (fundamental) or 357 nm (SHG) and two Q- switched and mode-locked Nd:YAG lasers generating wavelengths 1064 nm (fundamental) or 532 nm (SHG) were used. In every case, the output beam was coupled into the COP/Ag hollow glass waveguide. Coupling of radiation was optimized investigating several waveguide input protectors made from different materials to avoid spark generation at high radiation intensity. Transmittance/attenuation as a function of the input laser energy was measured in dependence to input radiation wavelength. The input/output time radiation characteristics and the spatial distributions of the output beams were also investigated. Transmission efficiency of the COP/Ag waveguides was found to be 80 - 95% in the spectral range from green to near infrared. In the blue region, transmittance was 66%. The measured transmission properties make COP/Ag hollow glass waveguides very promising for delivery of high-power laser pulses in medicine and also in other applications.
BaWO4 and KGd(WO4)2 (KGW) tungstate crystals (33 mm and 40 mm of length, respectively) were investigated as Raman frequency converters of picosecond and nanosecond second-harmonic Nd:YAG pulses. During the experiment the threshold energy of stimulated Raman (SR) process, generated wavelengths, and energy for nanosecond and picosecond pump pulses with both nonlinear crystals were measured. For BaWO4 crystal, the threshold pumping intensity was measured to be 530 MW/cm2 for psec pumping and 200 MW/cm2 for nsec temporal region. The corresponding Raman gain values were 14.3 cm/GW (picosecond pump) and 38 cm/GW (nanosecond gain). For KGW crystal the threshold intensity values 530 MW/cm2 for psec and 340 MW/cm2 for nsec were measured with corresponding Raman gain values of 11.8 cm/GW (psec) and 18.6 cm/GW (nsec). The Stokes components up to the third order in both psec and nsec regions were detected. Temporal length measurements of pump and Stokes pulses in both crystals revealed pulse shortening by a factor of approximately 2 during the SR process. Due to a high value of Raman gain of a new BaWO4 crystal under both nsec and psec pumping, this crystal can be considered as a unique candidate for utilization in solid-state Raman laser systems.
Transmyocardial laser revascularization was fount to be a new emerging technique for the treatment of end-stage coronary artery diseases. In our study, a comparison has been made of mid-IR solid-state laser radiation interaction with a myocardium tissue. For this purpose, the Tm:YAG, CTH:YAG and Er:YAG laser systems were designed, constructed and used for the interaction experiments. The ablation coefficients were measured to be 3 mm/J for Tm:YAG; 0.03 mm/J for CTH:YAG, and 10.5 mm/J for Er:YAG interacting laser radiation. From the histological examination follows that the channels ablated by Er:YAG laser radiation are without any thermal damage of the surrounding tissue and with the minimal mechanical injury, therefore Er:YAG laser could be considered as a good candidate for the TMLR.
Cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguides with inner diameters of 540 micrometers , 700 micrometers , and 1000 micrometers were used for transmission of single pulses in picosecond region generated by a high-power Nd:YAG laser system (wavelengths 1.06 micrometers -first (fundamental) harmonic and 0.53 micrometers -second harmonic). Maximum first and second harmonic intensities delivered by 1000 micrometers inner diameter waveguide were 185 GW/cm2 and 48 GW/cm2, respectively. For fundamental radiation guided by the waveguide with the inner diameters 540 micrometers , and 700 micrometers the maximum measured transmitted intensities were 397 GW/cm2 and 331 GW/cm2, respectively. Temporal development with picosecond resolution, spatial profile, and divergence of delivered laser pulses were determined for each waveguide.
Transmyocardial laser revascularization was found to be a new way how to convey oxygen-rich blood directly from the left ventricular cavity to the myocardium. In our study, a comparison has been made of the interaction of mid-IR solid state laser radiation with a myocardium tissue. For this purpose, the CTH:YAG, Tm:YAG and Er:YAG laser systems were designed, constructed and used for the interaction experiments. Besides those mid-IR lasers, the commercially produced CO2 laser was used for the comparative study. The ablation coefficients were measured to be 0.029 mm/J for CTH:YAG laser radiation; 0.061 mm/J for Tm:YAG; 0.75 mm/J for CO2, and 10.5 mm/J for Er:YAG. From the histological examination follows that only the channels ablated by Er:YAG laser radiation are without any thermal damage of the surrounding tissue and with the minimal mechanical injury. As a conclusion - Er:YAG laser could be considered as a good candidate for the TMR besides CO2 laser.
The flexible hollow waveguides - a cyclic olefin polymer- coated silver hollow glass waveguides with various inner diameters - specially prepared for the delivery of high power 1.06 micrometers radiation were investigated using an oscillator-3 amplifiers Nd:YAG laser system. The length of a single pulse was equal to 50 psec. In dependence to a diameter of the waveguide, transmission/attenuation as a function of the input laser energy were measured together with the input/output time radiation characteristics and the spatial distribution of the output beam. The input energy up to 80 mJ, 70 mJ, and 30 mJ was transmitted with an efficiency higher that 90 percent for the COP/Ag hollow waveguides with a diameter of 1000 micrometers , 700 micrometers , and 540 micrometers , respectively. The picosecond temporal measurements show that the delivered pulse duration was not changed within a resolution of 5 picosecond. Therefore the maximum transmitted power reached was 1.5 GW. The characteristics obtained make all these waveguides very promising for the delivery of high-power laser pulse in special medical and other applications.
The objective of this study was to compare the penetration effect of the near and mid-infrared laser radiation. For this reason the Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, and alexandrite laser systems were used in the experiments. The spread of the laser radiation energy in the hard dental tissue surrounding the root canal was evaluated and the possible bactericidal effect of these various laser wavelengths was analyzed. During the measurements, three experimental arrangements were used. The energy transport through the tooth tissue was observed for the frontal and side experimental layout. It was demonstrated that due to the absorption in the hydroxyapatite and water content in the dentin, the Er:YAG laser radiation is fully, and the Nd:YAG is partly absorbed in the root canal's wall. On the other hand, it was proved that the alexandrite laser radiation spreads through the canal system space and leaks into the surrounding tooth tissues. All laser radiation can be efficiently used for killing dental bacteria but the spreading of their radiation in the tooth tissues is different.
Stimulated Raman scattering of picosecond pulses was investigated in KGd(WO4)2, and BaWO4 tungstate crystals. BaWO4 crystal was previously found to be a new very efficient material for pumping with nanosecond pulses. In our experiment, we used the second harmonic output of a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser system, which generated single pulses of 28 ps duration. The length of the crystal was 40 mm for KGW, 23 mm for KYW and 29 mm for BaWO4. The SRS threshold, conversion efficiency, and time dependence of the first Stokes with picosecond resolution were measured. Picosecond Raman gains at a 532 nm wavelength were found to be correspondingly 11.5, 18.7, and 14.4 cm/GW for KGW, KYW, and BaWO4. The Raman shifting up to the third Stokes component was detected, and the first Stokes conversion efficiency reached 30 percent in BaWO4 and 18 percent in KGd(WO4)2. Measurements of a temporal pulse length have shown that the first Stokes pulse was twice shorter than the pump pulse. The new BaWO4 crystal occurs to be an efficient solid state Raman material for a wide variety of pump pulse durations.
Stimulated Raman scattering of picosecond pulses was investigated in gaseous methane and KGd(WO4)2 crystal. As a pump source, we used the second harmonic output of a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser system. Pulses of energies up to 20 mJ at 532 nm were used; the pulse length was equal to 41 ps. During the experiment, we measured the characteristics of scattered radiation in each nonlinear material. For gaseous methane at 1 MPa, the threshold pumping intensity was measured to be 110 GW/cm2. The first Stokes component and the anti-Stokes lines to the third order were detected. The overall conversion efficiency of 46 percent was obtained. The measured threshold intensity is in good agreement with the transient SRS theory for this medium. The threshold pumping intensity for KGW crystal was measured to be 600 MW/cm2. The Stokes components to the third order were observed with the overall conversion efficiency of 50 percent. The SRS gain coefficient of 24 cm/GW was calculated from the obtained results. Comparison of the two investigated materials favors the crystalline Raman shifter because of lower SRS threshold intensity, higher gain, and god mechanical properties.
Er:YAG laser system generating radiation in a free-running, long-pulse mode regime with the output energy up to 610 mJ and the wavelength in the mid-IR region was designed. As delivery systems, a fluorocarbon polymer-coated and a cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver hollow glass waveguides were used and the comparison of the radiation transmissions of these two waveguides and the articulated arm delivery system was made. ALl the delivery systems were ended by the focusing optics or by a special sapphire tip, for a non- contact and a contact treatment in the real applications, respectively. The output energy from these systems was in the range from 100 mJ up to 450 mJ. In the applications, the laser radiation was directed at a dental or an eye tissue. In the dental procedure, the differences between the contact and non-contact Er:YAG laser hard dental tissue preparation and also between the delivery system - articulated arm and waveguide-were verified. The influence of laser energy and number of pulses on profile and depth of drilled cavity was investigated. In the ophthalmologic surgery the contact and non-contact laser-phacoablation was investigated. The result show that the Er:YAG laser system could be a useful instrument in ophthalmology and dentistry.
Two types of flexible hollow waveguides -- cyclic olefin polymer-coated silver (COP/Ag) hollow glass waveguides and fluorocarbon polymer-coated silver (FCP/Ag) hollow glass waveguides -- specially prepared for the delivery of high power 1.06 micrometer radiation were investigated by using an oscillator-amplifier Nd:YAG laser system emitting a single pulse or a train of pulses. The length of an individual pulse was equal to 50 ps and the laser repetition rate was 2.5 Hz. The output single mode beam with a full divergence angle of 0.12 mrad was focused into the COP/Ag or FCP/Ag hollow glass waveguide and the radiation was transmitted through it under various conditions. Transmission/attenuation as a function of the input laser energy was measured together with the input/output time radiation characteristics and the spatial distribution of the output beam. The transmission losses for a straight waveguide were found to be 0.24 dB/m for COP/Ag and 0.38 dB/m for FCP/Ag hollow waveguides with the inner diameter of 1 mm. The maximum energy transmitted was 150 mJ for the train of pulses and 40 mJ for a single pulse from which follows the delivered power of 100 GW/cm2. The characteristics obtained make these waveguides very promising for the delivery of high-power laser pulses in medical and other applications.
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