The omnidirectional receiving system is suitable for underwater wireless optical communications (UWOCs), and it has less dependence on the structure of the underwater platform as it is connected by only one cable. The optical receiving module is a spherical structure, small size, and generates less heat. There is a square structure in the center of the spherical structure, and the spherical structure consists of six converging lenses in close contact with each other. And there is a photo-detector (PD, APD or PMT etc.) at the focus of each converging lens. Thus, with this structure, the underwater platform can realize the demand of omnidirectional reception without aligning at the sending end. By using high-sensitivity detectors in the receiving system, longer distance underwater communication and cross-media data transmission can be achieved.
KEYWORDS: Quantum key distribution, Lawrencium, Relays, Vacuum, Sensors, Information security, Lithium, Single photon detectors, Signal processing, Signal attenuation
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) allows authenticated users to share secure keys, which has the advantage of information-theoretical security based on the fundamental laws of quantum physics. The breakthrough of long-distance QKD technology is the key to the large-scale application of quantum communication. The Twin-Field QKD (TF-QKD) protocol is an effective solution to overcome the linear secret key capacity bound, which is called the Pirandola-Laurenza-Ottaviani-Banchi (PLOB) bound. Among all TF-QKD protocols, the Sending or Not Sending (SNS) TF-QKD protocol has received extensive attention due to its advantage of tolerating large misalignment. In this paper, we analyze the influence of light intensity fluctuation on the secure key rate and transmission distance for the three-intensity decoy SNS-TF-QKD protocol considering the finite-key effect. Based on our proposed optimized key rate formula, we conducted a simulation analysis and found that a light intensity fluctuation within 2% has little effect on the farthest transmission distance of the three-intensity decoy SNS-TF-QKD. Even if the light intensity fluctuates up to 10%, the secure key rate can still break the PLOB bound.
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