Many types of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based gas sensors have been explored extensively in recent years. Great attention have been directed to mixed-potential-type gas sensors. It is due to growing concerns with environmental issues. Not without a significance is the fact of very attractive performance of this type of sensor allowing to detect low concentration of pollutant gases. In this paper two types of YSZ based mixed-potential planar sensors were investigated, with platinum electrode painted using commercial paste and with spin coated platinum layer. Both types had second electrode in the form of porous gold. Measurements were performed at 400 °C in synthetic air and different concentrations of SO2. Gas flow was set to 100 cm3min-1 and the concentration of 50 ppm SO2 was tested. During this measurements the sensor was sintered in-situ at increasing temperatures. Sensor with 100 nm spin-coated platinum layer sintered at 700 °C was shown to exhibit two times smaller response than sensor with 5 μm porous electrode, while consisting of over 20 times smaller amount of Pt. The influence of sintering temperature on electrical conductivity of platinum films was also examined. Moreover, the platinum microstructure was investigated using SEM microscopy.
One of the types of gas sensors used for detection and identification of toxic-air pollutant is an electro-catalytic gas sensor. The electro-catalytic sensors are working in cyclic voltammetry mode, enable detection of various gases. Their response are in the form of I-V curves which contain information about the type and the concentration of measured volatile compound. However, additional analysis is required to provide the efficient recognition of the target gas. Multivariate data analysis and pattern recognition methods are proven to be useful tool for such application, but further investigations on the improvement of the sensor’s responses processing are required. In this article the method for extraction of the parameters from the electro-catalytic sensor responses is presented. Extracted features enable the significant reduction of data dimension without the loss of the efficiency of recognition of four volatile air-pollutant, namely nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide.
A graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxytiophene)-reduced graphene oxide (PEDOT-RGO composite) gas sensors were successfully fabricated using an electro-deposition method. The electro-deposition was carried out in aqueous GO dispersions. To obtain RGO and PEDOT-RGO, the electrochemical reduction of GO and PEDOT-GO was carried out in 0.1 M KCl at a constant potential of −0.85 V. The GO, RGO and PEDOT-RGO composite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fabricated sensors showed sensitivity to NO2 gas. In this work the sensing response of GO, RGO and PEDOT-RGO in NO2 at elevated temperatures were investigated. The influence of the operating temperature on the gas sensing response were compared. The role of the polymer and RGO in PEDOT-RGO composite was discussed. The results are discussed in light of recent literature on graphene sensors.
In this work, 3D polypyrrole (PPy) structures as material for glucose detection is proposed. Polypyrrole was electrochemically polymerized on platinum screen-printed electrode from an aqueous solution of lithium perchlorate and pyrrole. The growth mechanism of such PPy structures was studied by ex-situ scanning electron microscopy. Preliminary studies show that studied here PPy film is a good candidate as a sensing material for glucose biosensor. It exhibits very high sensitivity (28.5 mA·mM-1·cm-2) and can work without any additional dopants, mediators or enzymes. It was also shown that glucose detection depends on the PPy morphology. The same PPy material was immobilized with the glucose oxidase enzyme. Such material exhibited higher signal response, however it lost its stability very fast.
KEYWORDS: Gas sensors, Feature extraction, Sensors, Electronics, Modulation, Gases, Temperature metrology, Statistical analysis, Data analysis, Data acquisition
Gas analyzers based on gas sensors are the devices which enable recognition of various kinds of volatile compounds. They have continuously been developed and investigated for over three decades, however there are still limitations which slow down the implementation of those devices in many applications. For example, the main drawbacks are the lack of selectivity, sensitivity and long term stability of those devices caused by the drift of utilized sensors. This implies the necessity of investigations not only in the field of development of gas sensors construction, but also the development of measurement procedures or methods of analysis of sensor responses which compensate the limitations of sensors devices. One of the fields of investigations covers the dynamic measurements of sensors or sensor-arrays response with the utilization of flow modulation techniques. Different gas delivery patterns enable the possibility of extraction of unique features which improves the stability and selectivity of gas detecting systems. In this article three utilized flow modulation techniques are presented, together with the proposition of the evaluation method of their usefulness and robustness in environmental pollutants detecting systems. The results of dynamic measurements of an commercially available TGS sensor array in the presence of nitrogen dioxide and ammonia are shown.
A periodic temperature modulation using sinusoidal heater voltage was applied to a commercial SnO2 semiconductor gas sensor. Resulting resistance response of the sensor was analyzed using a feature extraction method based on Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The amplitudes of the higher harmonics of the FFT from the dynamic nonlinear responses of measured gas were further utilized as an input for Artificial Neuron Network (ANN). Determination of the concentration of chlorine was performed. Moreover, this work evaluates the sensor performance upon sinusoidal temperature modulation.
Recent increasing demand for new eco-friendly materials and for low cost fabrication process for use in optical sensors field, raise concern about alternative materials for this application. We have designed two glass-ceramics compositions from the quaternary ROAl2O3- SiO2-B2O3(R=Ba) alkali-earth aluminum silicate system, labeled B72 and B69, with high refractive index (>1.6), large values of Abbe number (94.0 and 53.0, respectively), and free of lead and arsenic. We present an analysis and discussion of experimental optical properties, thermal and thermo-chemical stability along with important properties such as transition temperature (Tg), onset of crystallization (Tx) as well transport properties as ionic conductivity behavior in the quaternary glass-ceramic system containing boron for use as optical sensors. Complex Impedance Spectra (Bode Plot) and Potentiodynamic Polarization curves (Tafel plots) measurements were carried out in the temperature range of 600 to 850°C. The most probable conductivity mechanism is a thermally activated process of mobile ions overcoming a potential barrier (EA), according to the Arrhenius regime. Here we report that charge transfer is caused by the flux of electrons, in the region of elevated temperatures (>700°C), and is affected by immiscibility of crystals, nucleation and growth type, that causes phase separation. We found conductivity (σ) values from 10-9 to 10-5 S/cm at temperatures between 700 and 850°C. Our results highlight a need for research on ion mobility in the glassy network above the transition range, and the effect cause by metastable immiscibility in the alkaline-earth glasses are exposed. The two glass compositions B72 and B69 can be tailored by proper use as glassy optical sensor.
In this paper preparation method of nano-porous alumina based humidity sensors is presented. Investigation of relation between technological process parameters, sensor's porous layer structure and electric parameters is main aim of this study. Surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy was used to identify electrical parameters of the sensor.
Electrocatalytic sensors belong to a relatively new group of solid state electrochemical gas sensors. Its working principle is based on electric current acquisition, while voltage ramp is applied to the sensor. The current-voltage plot has unique shape, which depends on surrounding gas type and its concentration. Response of the electrocatalytic gas sensor contains significantly more information in comparison with typical amperometric or potentiometric one. Methods of sensors response analysis, which was employed so far, did not fully utilize this feature. Moreover, shape of sensor response, in case of some gases or mixtures, is hard to be interpreted with traditional techniques. In this work more advanced methods to analyze electrocatalytic gas sensor response, which are based on explorative and confirmative techniques as well as artificial neural network, are presented.
Results of impedance measurements of humidity sensors with epoxy resins containig quarternary ammonium salts are presented in this paper. The humidity sensitive membranes were prepared from polyethyleneimine (PEI). PEI was cross-linked using 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDGE) and glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC) was added as a humidity sensitive epoxy monomer.
Construction and properties of electrocatalytic gas sensor based on samarium-doped ceria solid electrolyte are described. Electrocatalytic sensors form a new group of gas sensor, which employ kinetics of controlled chemical reaction. Measurements in mixtures of synthetic air and nitrogen dioxide are shown. Current-voltage response has unique shape, which depends on NO2 concentration. Influence of voltage sweep rate and temperature on sensor characteristics is reported. The constructed sensor can be used for nitrogen dioxide monitoring.
The effect of humidity influence on characteristics of a ceramic sensor with a porous dielectric Al2O3 layer is presented. Influence of chosen electrolytic process parameters on electrical properties of the sensor is shown. The experimental data of two groups of sensors are interpreted using two, known from literature, electric equivalent circuits.
The results of impedance measurements of thin film polymer humidity sensors are presented in this paper. The sensors were made of chemically modified polyethyleneimine, spread on alumina substrate with comb type gold electrodes. Electrical properties of the sensors are strongly dependent on relative humidity (RH). The influence of the selected cross-linking agents on the properties, measuring range, and technology of preparation of the sensors is discussed.
In the present paper, results of computer simulation of cyclic voltammetry applied to electrocatalytic solid state sensor are presented. The computer software developed by D.Gosser is based on explicit finite difference method. The software is devoted for the simulation of cyclic voltammetry experiments in liquid electrochemistry. However the software is based on general electrochemical rules and may be used for simulation of experiments in solid state electrochemistry. The electrocatalytic sensor does not have a reference electrode and therefore it is necessary to employ virtual reference electrode into the model of the sensor. Data obtained from simulation are similar to measurement one what confirms correctness of assumed sensing mechanism.
In the paper the results of temperature investigations of polymer humidity sensor based on polyethyleneimine is presented. Sensor was prepared by chemical modification of polyethyleneimine and vacuum sputtering of gold electrodes on thick polymer film. The high thickness of the film limit the dynamic properties of the sensor. Electrical properties of the sensor were examined by impedance spectroscopy. The results allow structure optimization and improvement of dynamic properties of the sensor.
The simple electrochemical cell Au (NASICON) Au which is sensitive to NO2 and SO2 atmosphere due to voltage excitation was investigated. The shape of current/voltage characteristic is strongly dependent on specific gas concentration and reveal specific peaks. Selection of sweep polarization of the sensor is very important.
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