The slip accumulation induces microscale plastic localization, often leading to irreversible damage in nickel-based single-crystal superalloys. While most studies have quantitatively described plastic localization through numerical simulations, few experiments have characterized the microscale inhomogeneous strain distribution of slip damage. In this study, we employed the sampling moiré method to measure the sub-microscale strain and displacement fields in nickelbased single-crystal superalloys under tensile loading. Our analysis quantitatively assessed the formation of slip traces and the evolution of slip bands during mechanical loading, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms of slip damage. The sampling moiré method can obtain sufficient high spatial resolution by reducing the pitch of the deformation carrier grids, demonstrating its superiority in microscale deformation measurements and its potential for characterizing the mechanical behavior of materials.
The damage behavior of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is highly complex due to the overlapping of various damage forms. To elucidate this deformation behavior, it is crucial to evaluate the micro-scale deformation distribution before the occurrence of each type of damage. The sampling Moiré method has been recognized as an effective experimental technique for analyzing such deformation behavior. In this study, we used the sampling Moiré method to calculate the micro-displacement distributions of [±45°]4s CFRP laminates during a three-point bending test under microscopic observation. Additionally, a finite element model was created under the same conditions to compute the displacement distribution using the finite element method (FEM). A comparison of the displacement distributions obtained from both experimental and simulation methods confirmed their consistency. The simulation results also revealed the difference in CFRP displacement distribution characteristics with and without interlayer resin, which manifested that the presence of a resin layer between the CFRP layers induced a distinctive wave displacement distribution when subjected to a three-point bending load.
Video Motion Magnification (VMM) has gained considerable attention in the field of engineering measurement due to its impressive ability to amplify subtle motions. However, traditional algorithms often suffer from image artifacts and noise due to improper parameter settings, especially when dealing with weak motion. This paper introduces an improved VMM method that addresses this limitation by incorporating the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique. The proposed method utilizes DIC-measured image displacement results to analyze the dominant motion frequencies. Based on this analysis, the parameters of the VMM time domain filter are set accordingly. This approach enables motion magnification in videos while preserving image details and reducing noticeable artifacts. Simulation experiments conducted on an indoor precision displacement platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. It eliminates the need for repetitive manual parameter adjustment through trial, producing clear and amplified motion videos. Additionally, it enables accurate measurement of small-scale motions. Overall, the proposed method enhances the performance of VMM by leveraging DIC and provides a more reliable and efficient approach for motion magnification in engineering measurement applications.
Defect detection is crucial to the manufacture and evaluation of materials. However, it is still a great challenge to detect the defects in a wide field. In this paper, the two-dimensional (2D) digital multiplication moiré method is presented. The point defects of the crystal are detected visually by employing digital image processing. We mainly discuss the applications of this method to detect the defect and measure the strain in the silicon (Si) single crystals. The strain distributions in the main directions of Si single crystals are measured, and the point defects are detected. Point defects are easier to observe when the atomic structure is amplified using 2D multiplication moiré. The 2D multiplication moiré method that has been used for the point defects detection in Si single crystals described in this paper also lays an important foundation for the detection of strains and defects in the crystal structure of other materials.
The multiplication sampling moiré (MSM) method achieves a strong noise-immunity deformation measurement by performing phase analysis of the second harmonic of grating patterns, which surpasses the limitation of the conventional sampling moiré method that produces phase errors when the first harmonic is submerged by the background noise. In this study, the multiplication sampling moiré method was utilized to investigate the fracture behavior of a [±15°]2s carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate specimen under different tensile loads. The full-field microscopic strain distribution maps, including the normal, shear, and principal strains, were successfully measured on the cross-section of the CFRP laminates with fiber discontinuities. The results show strain distribution characteristics before and after transverse crack occurrence in the matrix resin region of the CFPR laminates, and the changes in shear strain at the interlayer interfaces before and after the emergence of delamination. The MSM method holds promise for evaluating mechanical properties, fracture behavior, characterizing strain distributions, and residual stresses in deformation measurements of various structural and composite materials.
Social infrastructures are rapidly aging, and there are concerns about the increasing cost and effort required for maintenance and management. Deflection measurement is critical in evaluating the integrity of bridges as transportation infrastructure. The sampling moiré method was developed to accurately measure the displacement of structures by capturing the regular patterns (i.e., moiré markers) attached to the structures with a digital camera. The conventional approach rigidly attaches a camera to a tripod or a fixed point. However, finding a place to photograph bridges over the sea or mountains can be challenging in real scenarios. In recent years, camera-equipped drones have rapidly become an inspection technology for bridges and other transportation infrastructure. Here, we believe drone cameras open a new door for unconstrained bridge vision inspection using the moiré phase analysis method. Therefore, we are striving to develop a novel displacement measurement method that can measure the deflection of bridges by drone aerial photography. We measured the vertical displacement of a target with a 50-mm-pitch grid pattern in the laboratory to verify its effectiveness. The newly developed measurement technology alleviates the restriction that the camera must be fixed and enables the measurement of the deflection of a more significant number of bridges under various real situations.
In recent times, both the windowed Fourier ridges (WFR) and sampling moiré (SM) algorithms have been extensively used due to their high effectiveness in the demodulation of carrier fringe patterns. As they are developed independently, they are mostly recognized as completely different techniques, but we theoretically prove that SM is a special WFR with a specific window shape and a preset local frequency. This unifies the two different algorithms and enhances the understanding of their theoretical aspects, which helps to simplify the selection of these algorithms in real applications.
In this study, the influence of the working distance (WD) on strain measurement under a laser scanning microscope and a way to achieve precise focus were investigated by the scanning moiré method. Experimental results showed that the strain measurement has a good repeatability at a fixed WD. Scanning moiré fringes were clearly observable when the WD variation range was within 0.9% of the given WD of the used objective lens. The relationship of the measured strain error and the WD difference was approximately linear, and the greatest strain error was near 700 με. Fortunately, 2D moiré fringes were distinct only in a very narrow range, i.e., the WD difference was less than 0.1% of the given WD, and the greatest strain error was less than 100 με. 1D moiré fringes in the y direction, 2D moiré fringes in the both x and y directions, and 1D moiré fringes in the x direction became distinct alternately along with the WD change. Consequently, we suggest to use 2D moiré fringes for microscale strain measurement in each focusing process to reduce the errors caused by the WD variation. Moreover, a single-shot 2D moiré image is useful to measure the strain distributions in both two directions quickly and simply, and there is no need to rotate the sample or scanning lines and scan twice as in the conventional way.
Phase analysis techniques of fringe patterns have been widely used for noncontact three-dimensional shape and deformation measurement by the fringe projection method. Recently, we developed two novel accurate phase analysis methods. One is the two-dimensional sampling moiré method to perform robust phase analysis for a single-shot fringe pattern. The other is the two-dimensional spatiotemporal phase-shifting method to analyze phase distribution accurately for multi-step phase-shifted fringe patterns. To perform accurate phase analysis under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions, both the above two methods use the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform or fast Fourier transform. Therefore, these algorithms are computationally expensive compared with the conventional one-dimensional sampling moiré and phase-shifting methods. In this study, a fast parallelization implementation for two-dimensional phase-shifting methods, including the two-dimensional sampling moiré method and the spatiotemporal phase-shifting method, are presented by utilizing multi-core CPU. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that phase analysis can reach 7.5 and 5.9 times faster by use of a 12-core CPU compared with a single CPU.
The deformation distributions of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) under a three-point bending load were nondestructively investigated using the phase shifting scanning electron microscope (SEM) moiré method. The complex fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) were used to filter the useless moiré fringes in the case of bidirectional moiré fringes. The SEM moiré fringes under different magnifications and the deformation results measured by the direct, complex FFT- and the DFT- phase shifting moiré methods as well as the moiré fringe centering method were compared and analyzed. Experiments demonstrate that the deformation measurement is a bit influenced by the useless moiré fringes in the phase shifting moiré methods and complex FFT processing works better for nondense moiré fringes. The relative strain changes gradually and the specimen grating pitch increases gradually from top to bottom along the loading direction, suggesting that the real compressive strain is greater in the upper side. The micro/nano-scale deformation distribution characteristic is helpful for better understanding of the mechanical properties of the CFRP specimen.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.