Dr. Reidar Brekken Profile

Dr. Reidar Brekken

at SINTEF

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Proceedings Article | 12 March 2010 Paper

Real-time ultrasound simulation for low cost training simulators

Sjur Urdson Gjerald, Reidar Brekken, Toril A. Nagelhus Hernes

Proceedings Volume 7629, 76290B (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.844436

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Speckle, Computer simulations, Tissues, Speckle pattern, Computed tomography, Image resolution, 3D image processing, Transducers, Absorption

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Ultrasound imaging is used within numerous medical disciplines. Extensive and repeated training is needed for efficient use of the technology. Simulator training has been proposed as a complement to other training methods. Advantages of simulator training include access to a large number of normal and rare cases without the need for suitable volunteers and available ultrasound equipment. The imaging of soft tissue can be simulated by considering the interaction between the tissue and the ultrasound field. The objective of this study is to include these effects in real-time simulators. One previous approach has been to simulate a three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound volume off line, and then cross-section the volume in real time. This approach, however, does not take into account the anisotropic resolution of ultrasound imaging. If we assume that the average acoustical properties of tissues are slowly varying and that the speckle pattern is independent of the tissue, we show that ultrasound images can be simulated by multiplying a pre-simulated speckle image by an any-plane cross section of a 3D representation of an anatomy. Thus anisotropic resolution can be simulated in real time. The simulated images were compared to true ultrasound images of soft tissue. Since the speckle was simulated independently of the tissue, the most realistic results were obtained for still images, but the method was also satisfactory for moving images when speckle tracking between views was not important. The method is well applicable to ultrasound training simulators on low cost platforms.

Proceedings Article | 29 March 2007 Paper

3D visualization of strain in abdominal aortic aneurysms based on navigated ultrasound imaging

Reidar Brekken, Jon Harald Kaspersen, Geir Arne Tangen, Torbjørn Dahl, Toril A. Hernes, Hans Olav Myhre

Proceedings Volume 6511, 65111H (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.708776

KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, 3D modeling, Data modeling, Image segmentation, Visualization, Computed tomography, 3D visualizations, Tissues, Process modeling, Navigation systems

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The criterion for recommending treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is that the diameter exceeds 50-55 mm or shows a rapid increase. Our hypothesis is that a more accurate prediction of aneurysm rupture is obtained by estimating arterial wall strain from patient specific measurements. Measuring strain in specific parts of the aneurysm reveals differences in load or tissue properties. We have previously presented a method for in vivo estimation of circumferential strain by ultrasound. In the present work, a position sensor attached to the ultrasound probe was used for combining several 2D ultrasound sectors into a 3D model. The ultrasound was registered to a computed-tomography scan (CT), and the strain values were mapped onto a model segmented from these CT data. This gave an intuitive coupling between anatomy and strain, which may benefit both data acquisition and the interpretation of strain. In addition to potentially provide information relevant for assessing the rupture risk of the aneurysm in itself, this model could be used for validating simulations of fluid-structure interactions. Further, the measurements could be integrated with the simulations in order to increase the amount of patient specific information, thus producing a more reliable and accurate model of the biomechanics of the individual aneurysm. This approach makes it possible to extract several parameters potentially relevant for predicting rupture risk, and may therefore extend the basis for clinical decision making.

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