KEYWORDS: Algorithm development, Electrocardiography, Near infrared spectroscopy, Signal processing, Brain, Feature extraction, Principal component analysis, Signal detection, In vivo imaging, Heart
Many studies have been carried out in order to detect and quantify the level of mental stress by means of different physiological signals. From the physiological point of view, stress promptly affects brain and cardiac function; therefore, stress can be assessed by analyzing the brain- and heart-related signals more efficiently. Signals produced by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of the brain together with the heart rate (HR) are employed to assess the stress induced by the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Two different versions of the HR are used in this study. The first one is the commonly used HR derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and is considered as the reference HR (RHR). The other is the HR computed from the fNIRS signal (EHR) by means of an effective combinational algorithm. fNIRS and ECG signals were simultaneously recorded from 10 volunteers, and EHR and RHR are derived from them, respectively. Our results showed a high degree of agreement [r > 0.9, BAR (Bland Altman ratio) <5 % ] between the two HR. A principal component analysis/support vector machine-based algorithm for stress classification is developed and applied to the three measurements of fNIRS, EHR, and RHR and a classification accuracy of 78.8%, 94.6%, and 62.2% were obtained for the three measurements, respectively. From these observations, it can be concluded that the EHR carries more useful information with regards to the mental stress than the RHR and fNIRS signals. Therefore, EHR can be used alone or in combination with the fNIRS signal for a more accurate and real-time stress detection and classification.
KEYWORDS: Motion detection, Seaborgium, Wavelets, Near infrared spectroscopy, Electronic filtering, Detection and tracking algorithms, Smoothing, Signal detection, Signal to noise ratio, Neurophotonics
Motion artifact contamination in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data has become an important challenge in realizing the full potential of NIRS for real-life applications. Various motion correction algorithms have been used to alleviate the effect of motion artifacts on the estimation of the hemodynamic response function. While smoothing methods, such as wavelet filtering, are excellent in removing motion-induced sharp spikes, the baseline shifts in the signal remain after this type of filtering. Methods, such as spline interpolation, on the other hand, can properly correct baseline shifts; however, they leave residual high-frequency spikes. We propose a hybrid method that takes advantage of different correction algorithms. This method first identifies the baseline shifts and corrects them using a spline interpolation method or targeted principal component analysis. The remaining spikes, on the other hand, are corrected by smoothing methods: Savitzky–Golay (SG) filtering or robust locally weighted regression and smoothing. We have compared our new approach with the existing correction algorithms in terms of hemodynamic response function estimation using the following metrics: mean-squared error, peak-to-peak error (Ep), Pearson’s correlation (R2), and the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve. We found that spline-SG hybrid method provides reasonable improvements in all these metrics with a relatively short computational time. The dataset and the code used in this study are made available online for the use of all interested researchers.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has been proposed as an affordable, fast, and robust alternative to many neuroimaging modalities yet it still has long way to go to be adapted in the clinic. One request from the clinicians has been the delivery of a simple and straightforward metric (a so-called biomarker) from the vast amount of data a multichannel fNIRS system provides. We propose a simple-straightforward signal processing algorithm derived from fNIRS-HbO2 data collected during a modified version of the color-word matching Stroop task that consists of three different conditions. The algorithm starts with a wavelet-transform-based preprocessing, then uses partial correlation analysis to compute the functional connectivity matrices at each condition and then computes the global efficiency values. To this end, a continuous wave 16 channels fNIRS device (ARGES Cerebro, Hemosoft Inc., Turkey) was used to measure the changes in HbO2 concentrations from 12 healthy volunteers. We have considered 10% of strongest connections in each network. A strong Stroop interference effect was found between the incongruent against neutral condition (p=0.01) while a similar significance was observed for the global efficiency values decreased from neutral to congruent to incongruent conditions [F(2,33)=3.46, p=0.043]. The findings bring us closer to delivering a biomarker derived from fNIRS data that can be reliably and easily adopted by the clinicians.
Functional Near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a newly noninvasive way to measure oxy hemoglobin and deoxy hemoglobin concentration changes of human brain. Relatively safe and affordable than other functional imaging techniques such as fMRI, it is widely used for some special applications such as infant examinations and pilot’s brain monitoring. In such applications, fNIRS data sometimes suffer from undesirable movements of subject’s head which called motion artifact and lead to a signal corruption. Motion artifact in fNIRS data may result in fallacy of concluding or diagnosis. In this work we try to reduce these artifacts by a novel Kalman filtering algorithm that is based on an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model for fNIRS system. Our proposed method does not require to any additional hardware and sensor and also it does not need to whole data together that once were of ineluctable necessities in older algorithms such as adaptive filter and Wiener filtering. Results show that our approach is successful in cleaning contaminated fNIRS data.
Dual tree complex wavelet transform(DTCWT) is a form of discrete wavelet transform, which generates complex coefficients by using a dual tree of wavelet filters to obtain their real and imaginary parts. The purposes of de-noising are reducing noise level and improving signal to noise ratio (SNR) without distorting the signal or image. This paper proposes a method for removing white Gaussian noise from ECG signals and biomedical images. The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is very valuable in a large scope of de-noising problems. However, it has limitations such as oscillations of the coefficients at a singularity, lack of directional selectivity in higher dimensions, aliasing and consequent shift variance. The complex wavelet transform CWT strategy that we focus on in this paper is Kingsbury's and Selesnick's dual tree CWT (DTCWT) which outperforms the critically decimated DWT in a range of applications, such as de-noising. Each complex wavelet is oriented along one of six possible directions, and the magnitude of each complex wavelet has a smooth bell-shape. In the final part of this paper, we present biomedical image and signal de-noising by the means of thresholding magnitude of the wavelet coefficients.
Although Virtual Histology (VH) is the in-vivo gold standard for atherosclerosis plaque characterization in IVUS
images, it suffers from a poor longitudinal resolution due to ECG-gating. In this paper, we propose an image-based approach to overcome this limitation. Since each tissue have different echogenic characteristics, they show
in IVUS images different local frequency components. By using Redundant Wavelet Packet Transform (RWPT),
IVUS images are decomposed in multiple sub-band images. To encode the textural statistics of each resulting
image, run-length features are extracted from the neighborhood centered on each pixel. To provide the best
discrimination power according to these features, relevant sub-bands are selected by using Local Discriminant
Bases (LDB) algorithm in combination with Fisher's criterion. A structure of weighted multi-class SVM permits the classification of the extracted feature vectors into three tissue classes, namely fibro-fatty, necrotic core and dense calcified tissues. Results shows the superiority of our approach with an overall accuracy of 72% in comparison to methods based on Local Binary Pattern and Co-occurrence, which respectively give accuracy rates of 70% and 71%.
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