Efficient electron transport layers (ETLs) play a pivotal role in the performance of solar cells. In recent years, Indium sulfide (In2S3) has been studied as a promising ETL in CuInGaS(e)2, Cu2ZnSnS(e)4, and perovskite solar cells. Despite several studies on spray-deposited In2S3, there is no complete experimental investigation on In2S3 thin films. The effect of the molar ratio of S/In and the type of indium precursor on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of sprayed-In2S3 layers has been studied. Films were characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical transmission (UV-Vis), Mott–Schottky analysis, four-point probe, and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The crystallinity and morphological characteristics are strongly influenced by the type of indium salt, where indium acetate precursor results in a highly porous film compared with nitrate and chloride precursors. The chloride precursor demonstrates better crystallinity and considerably lower sheet resistance. All films are n-type with a carrier concentration in the range of ∼2 × 1017 to ∼2 × 1018 cm − 3, with an indirect bandgap of 2.0 eV.
The performance (PCE) of perovskite solar cells was investigated using the simulation programs solar cell capacitance simulator and analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures-1-D. This paper entailed a study of the effects of hole density concentrations, defect density, thickness of perovskite active layers, P3HT hole-transporting material (HTM) layer thickness, hole mobility, working temperature, and varying illumination intensity on the PCE, of open-circuit voltage, fill factor, short-circuit current density, and the simulation of J−V curves solar cells for varying illumination intensity. Then, J−V characteristics and quantum efficiency were calculated for different thickness absorbers and HTM layers. The simulation results showed an optimal value for the absorber layer thickness and for the HTM layer. Also, a rise in the temperature had a strong effect on the perovskite solar cells PCE. These simulation results serve to provide several important guidelines for feasible fabrication of higher-PCE perovskite solar cells.
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