KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Single photon, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Profiling, Picosecond phenomena, Single photon detectors, Avalanche photodiodes, LIDAR, Nanowires
Active depth imaging approaches are being used in a number of emerging applications, for example in
environmental sensing, manufacturing and defense. The high sensitivity and picosecond timing resolution of the
time-correlated single-photon counting technique can provide distinct advantages in the trade-offs between
required illumination power, range, depth resolution and data acquisition durations. These considerations must
also address requirements for eye-safety, especially in applications requiring outdoor, kilometer range sensing.
We present a scanning time-of-flight imager based on MHz repetition-rate pulsed illumination operating with
sub-milliwatt average power. The use of a scanning mechanism permits operation with an individual, high-performance
single-photon detector. The system has been used with a number of non-cooperative targets, in
different weather conditions and various ambient light conditions. We consider a number of system issues,
including the range ambiguity issue and scattering from multiple surfaces. The initial work was performed at
wavelengths around 850 nm for convenient use with Si-based single photon avalanche diode detectors, however
we will also discuss the performance at a wavelength of 1560 nm, made using superconducting nanowire single
photon detectors. The use of the latter wavelength band allows access to a low-loss atmospheric window, as well
as greatly reduced solar background contribution and less stringent eye safety considerations. We consider a
range of optical design configurations and discuss the performance trade-offs and future directions in more
detail.
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