We report on the development of a compact commercial instrument for measuring carotenoids in skin tissue. The instrument uses two light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for dual-wavelength excitation and four photomultiplier tubes for multichannel detection. Bandpass filters are used to select the excitation detection wavelengths. The f/1.3 optical system has high optical throughput and single photon sensitivity, both of which are crucial in LED-based Raman measurements. We employ a signal processing technique that compensates for detector drift and error. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the LED Raman instrument compares favorably to laser-based Raman spectrometers. This compact, portable instrument is used for noninvasive measurement of carotenoid molecules in human skin with a repeatability better than 10%.
We have developed a compact portable instrument for resonance Raman spectroscopy of carotenoid molecules
in skin tissue. Our application focuses on the 1525 cm-1 Raman line common to all carotenoids. We use a
divided shifted Raman spectroscopy (DSRS) technique that reduces sensitivity to detector drift and error.
Two wavelength-narrowed LEDs illuminate the sample, and scattered light in four different wavelength
channels is measured. This multi-spectral approach has single-photon sensitivity and compares favorably
with laser-based Raman measurements in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and measurement time.
Absolute x-ray calibration of laser-produced plasmas was performed using a focusing crystal von Hamos spectrometer. The plasmas were created by an Nd-YAG laser (0.53 μm/200 mJ/3 ns/10 Hz) on massive solid targets (Mg, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, Ta, Ti, Steel). Cylindrical mica crystal (radius of curvature R=20 mm) and a CCD linear array detector (Toshiba model TCD 1304AP) were used in the spectrometer. Both the mica crystal and CCD linear array were absolutely calibrated in the spectral range of λ=7-15 Å. The spectrometer was used for absolute spectral measurements and the determination of the plasma parameters. The unique target design allowed for multiple instruments to observe the plasma simultaneously which improved analysis. High spectrometer efficiency allows for the monitoring of absolute x-ray spectra, x-ray yield and plasma parameters in each laser shot. This spectrometer is promising for absolute spectral measurements and for monitoring laser-plasma sources intended for proximity print lithography.
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