The Narrow Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS) within the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) will unlock new potential for ground-based astronomy. This subsystem is a series of optics that correct for atmospheric turbulence seen in the Infrared wavelength. One of the critical challenges in the NFIRAOS system is the ability to operate at -30 degrees Celsius. The use of RTV (Room Temperature Vulcanizing) silicone as an adhesive allows a more flexible bond between the optic and its mount. This material is capable of withstanding temperature changes without losing bond strength. Additionally, the large Off Axis Parabola (OAP) mirrors provide a unique technical challenge in their mounting configurations. The optics have with a mass of 90 kilograms and must be mounted able to withstand a 50-degree temperature differential from their ambient temperature bonding. This paper builds of initial conceptual and prototyping work done by ABB and provides the next steps scaling towards a final design of large RTV bondspot optical mounting. Through a combination of simulations, iterative prototyping, room temperature and operational temperature stress testing, a final design proposal is presented backed by statistical and in-house life cycle testing methods. The findings in this work have applications as the industry moves towards mounting larger optics in increasingly challenging environments.
As telescopes dramatically increase in aperture, the size and complexity of instrumentation also increases dramatically. Simply scaling up existing spectrograph designs may not be feasible and new approaches must be considered. One alternate approach is multiplexing, where the high cost of large optics is replaced by smaller, lower-cost optics albeit in higher quantities. While the idea of large-scale multiplexed instruments is not new, ELTs push the scaling of instruments into territory where multiplexing may have significant advantages. However, it remains to be seen if optical mounts can be made to meet the ever-tightening optical requirements of modern instruments while retaining the low-cost and ease of use required to make multiplexing a feasible approach.
This paper details the design, prototyping and testing of several types of low-cost semi-kinematic optical mounts at NRCHerzberg from a practical standpoint. Optical mounts tested cover a range of types intended to be easy to manufacture, quick to assemble and suitable for various instrument environments. Assembly repeatability in tip/tilt/focus, assembly time, and wavefront error due to stress birefringence (simulated) are quantified and results presented. Thermal stability, suitability for use in cryogenic environments and ease of manufacture/assembly are also analyzed. Various qualitative metrics are also discussed. Quantitative and qualitative metrics are discussed and presented in a design table to aid in directly comparing lens mounting concepts. Results are also interpreted to determine the direction of future R&D efforts towards creating large-scale, multiplexed instruments.
GIRMOS is an infrared multi-object adaptive object spectrograph with four channels and a simultaneous imaging system. The spectrographs and imager are housed within a single cryostat and the adaptive optics and object selection systems operate at ambient temperature in front of the cryostat. GIRMOS receives adaptive optics corrected light from the Gemini North Adaptive Optics (GNAO) System in either GLAO or LTAO mode. This paper provides an overview of the requirements and overall design of the imaging system including optical prototyping efforts undertaken to de-risk the design.
The Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS) in the Thirty Meter Telescope faces challenges with its Visible Natural guide star Wavefront (VNW) sensor's linear stages and encoders. Initial tests revealed deficiencies in magnetic encoders impacting pupil motion calculations at -30°C. Retrofitting with inductive encoders by AMOSIN showed improvement, but fell short. A compensation algorithm was developed to reduce the error to acceptable levels. This paper presents insights from testing different encoders, exploring methods for qualification and troubleshooting, crucial for optimizing NFIRAOS performance in ground-based astronomy.
The Gemini Infrared Multi-Object Spectrograph (GIRMOS) is a powerful next-generation multi-object near-infrared spectrograph incorporating parallel imaging capabilities. In addition to closed-loop Gemini North Adaptive Optics (GNAO) system, each of the four GIRMOS Integral field spectrographs (IFSs) will independently perform additional multi-object AO correction in an open loop. The combined instrument will provide unique scientific capabilities such as simultaneous imaging/spectroscopy modes (for precision spectrophotometry) and interleaved imaging-spectroscopyimaging modes (for characterizing time-variable sources). In this paper, we provide a detailed updates and discussion of the mechanical design and analysis of the imager subsystem of the GIRMOS instrument, which is currently in the Critical Design Review (CDR) stage. We place particular emphasis on the design and testing of two cryogenic mechanisms—the filter wheel and the PRS deployment mechanism—along with the innovative design of cryogenic optical mounts.
The Gemini High-Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) instrument is the next generation high resolution spectrograph for the Gemini telescope. The GHOST instrument was developed for the Gemini telescope as a collaboration between Australian Astronomical Optics (AAO) at Macquarie University, the Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics (HAA) in Canada and the Australian National University (ANU). The instrument is a fiber fed spectrograph with R<50,000 in two-object mode and R<75,000 in single object mode. The bench spectrograph was integrated at Gemini South from April to June 2022. This paper presents the final integration and alignment of the spectrograph at Gemini South and the measured spectrograph performance at the telescope.
The Gemini High-Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is the next in line instrument being integrated for the Gemini south telescope, in a collaboration between the Australian Astronomical Optics (AAO) at Macquarie University, Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics (HAA) at the National Research Council Canada, and the Australian National University (ANU). This paper will discuss shipping considerations and data taken by the NRC-Herzberg and Gemini team to preserve and protect the instrument during a two year hiatus brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The instrument group of the Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics has been subcontracted by Australian Astronomical Optics (AAO) at Macquarie University to design and build the bench spectrograph for the Gemini High-Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) instrument. The GHOST instrument is being developed for the Gemini telescope and is a collaboration between AAO, the Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics (HAA) in Canada and the Australian National University (ANU). The instrument is a fiber fed spectrograph with R<50,000 in two-object mode and R<75,000 in single object mode. This paper presents the i ph and the performance results for the laboratory testing of the spectrograph.
The Gemini High-Resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST) is the newest instrument being integrated for the Gemini telescopes, in a collaboration between the Australian National University (ANU), the NRC-Herzberg in Canada and the Australian Astronomical Observatory (AAO). The GHOST outer enclosure consists of 20 heated thermal panels, forming an encompassing structure with a stationary ‘bridge’ assembly and two removable sections for access. The outer enclosure provides an ultra-stable, dark environment for the bench spectrograph. This paper reviews the outer enclosure construction from a practical standpoint, examining how environmental requirements are met through the thermal panel construction, light seal and dry air system designs. This paper also describes thermal panel production workflow, enclosure assembly methodology, alignment and cable routing challenges. Results of the enclosure's thermal stability verification tests are presented and a list of lessons learned.
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