This work focuses on the further development of the optical methods based on polarization detection to improve the reliability of the results of evaluation of structural changes in biological tissues. The paper presents an experimental study of tissues with pathological alterations to assess the capacity of differentiation of pathological conditions when using averaged local Mueller matrix elements. Experiments were carried out in direct scattering mode in histological samples of human epidermis. The practical significance of the results is the widespread application of the methodology for laser polarimetric analysis of structural changes in anisotropic tissues to identify and assess the degree of pathology in medical diagnosis of skin diseases.
Mueller polarimetry is applied to study the samples of nails: natural (or reference) and irradiated to 2 Gy ionizing radiation dose. We measure the whole Mueller matrices of the samples as a function of the scattering angle at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. We apply depolarization analysis to measured Mueller matrices by calculating the depolarization metrics [depolarization index, Q(M)-metric, first and second Lorenz indices, Cloude and Lorenz entropy] to quantify separability of the different samples of nails under study based on differences in their Mueller matrix. The results show that nail samples strongly depolarize the output light in backscattering, and irradiation in all cases results in increasing of depolarization. Most sensitive among depolarization metrics are the Lorenz entropy and Q(M)-metric.
Changes in the state of polarization of a beam of radiation occurring without depolarization can be described by means
of a pure Mueller matrix. Pure Mueller matrix can be expressed in terms of the elements of a 2x2 Jones matrix. This
results in that the pure Mueller matrix has a simple and elegant structure, which is embodied by interrelations between
matrix elements. All possible interrelations for the elements of a general pure Mueller matrix are derived by Hovenier
(Appl. Opt., Vol.33, No.36, pp. 8318-8324, 1994). The structure of the pure Mueller matrix enables to solve the inverse
problem basing not on all sixteen matrix elements but only on certain part of them. We show that four elements which
are formed each of columns and rows of the pure Mueller matrix considering them individually are dependent and the
inverse problem can be solved in general case basing only on the rest of twelve matrix elements.
Differential Mueller matrix of nondepolarizing anisotropic homogeneous media is derived. It has been shown that
equality of refraction indexes (absorption coefficients) of anisotropic media is not sufficient condition for the absence of
birefringence (dichroism). Additional conditions for the eigenpolarizations of media to be pure dichroic or birefringent
has been analysed. Relation between differential Jones matrix and permittivity and conductivity tensors is derived. It
has been shown that eigenpolarizations are nonorthogonal only if eigenvectors of permittivity and conductivity tensors
not coincide.
It is known, that all four basic types of anisotropy, circular and linear birefringence and circular and linear dichroism, each taken separately, possess orthogonal eigenpolarizations. Generalized birefringence, i.e. the case of medium exhibiting linear and circular birefringencesimultaneously, is characterized by unitary matrix model and has orthogonal eigenpolarizations. At the same time, simultaneous presence of dichroism and birefringence in a medium may lead to nonorthogonal eigenpolarizations. However, to the best of our knowledge, so far there has been no systematic study of conditions under which such medium possesses orthogonal eigenpolarizations. Ascertainment of generalized conditions for orthogonality of medium's eigenpolarizations allows determining the structure and symmetry of matrix model
Generally all existed measurement strategies in polarimetry are defined by characteristics of polarimeter' polarization
state generator (PSG) and polarization state analyzer (PSA) and do not allow for the polarization properties of studied
medium. Exceptions are perhaps the simple cases of media characterizing by single type of anisotropy (mainly linear
birefringence or optical activity). As a rule the problem is reduced to measurement of all sixteen elements of Mueller
matrix. At that, the case when one measure fifteen of less matrix elements results from the characteristics of PSG and
PSA and is considered as intermediate steps of certain complete measurement cycle, during which all sixteen Mueller
matrix elements are measured.
In this paper we present the generalized polarimetric measurement equation which permits to allowing for the inequality
in accuracy of polarimetric measurements and the polarization properties of studied medium. The method is based on
modification of generalized polarimetric measurement equation for maximal compliance to the matrix model of studied
medium allowing for the anisotropy of medium, symmetry and sizes of scatterers etc. This requires the utilization of
versatile PSG and PSA in the polarimeter.
Equivalence theorems for combinations of circular amplitude and phase anisotropy and for linear amplitude and phase anisotropy (with special orientations) have been formulated. It has been shown that the order of product of Jones matrices can be changed for following couples of anisotropy types: linear amplitude and circular phase; circular amplitude and phase, linear amplitude and phase (with special orientations). We show that the values of anisotropy in above combinations are the invariant of permutation, at that, only orientations are changed but defined. Matrices of linear amplitude and general phase anisotropy can be represented by any order of their following for special conditions on their orientations, which has been derived.
The conditions under which a linear homogeneous anisotropic medium orthogonalizes polarization states of the input polarized light are studied. The criterion for orthogonalization in the form of inequality for the medium's parameters is obtained. The polarization orthogonalization properties of the some types of anisotropic medium have been investigated. The parameters, under which the orthogonalization occurs, and the states that are orthogonalized are found. All results obtained are illustrated using the Poincaré sphere representation.
The problem of analysis of anisotropic properties of objects with isotropic depolarization using their experimental Mueller matrices is examined. Isotropic depolarization implies that the object depolarizes the light with the same degree, independently on the polarizations of the incident light. Description is carried out in terms of the multiplicative model which is a product of the Mueller matrices of homogeneous anisotropic (deterministic) objects and of isotropic depolarizers. The regularization procedure of experimental Mueller matrices of deterministic objects (S.N. Savenkov, K.E. Yushtin, Ukr. Phys. Journ. 45(2), pp. 159-163, 2000) is applied. Experimental Mueller matrices of anisotropic object depolarizing isotropically the light are analyzed and discussed. It has been shown that regularization procedure has to be utilized to improve the analysis of anisotropic properties of depolarizing objects.
The generalized matrix model of homogeneous anisotropy medium has been derived in Mar'enko et al. (Optics and Spectroscopy, 76(1), 94-96, 1994). Generalized Mueller matrix of homogeneous anisotropy medium, according to Mar'enko et al., is a product of the four matrices of basic types of anisotropy (in terms of Jones - simple properties): linear amplitude and phase and circular amplitude and phase anisotropy. As a result of non-commutativity of basic matrices and taking into account the first Jones equivalence theorem (JOSA 31, 493-499, 1941), it was note in Mar'enko et al. that there exist six orders (polarization bases) of multiplications of the basic matrices. In this paper we study the bases, in which matrices of phase anisotropy (linear and circular) are located between matrices of amplitude anisotropy. We show that these bases are not general
Time-sequential Mueller polarimeter, that allows measuring Mueller matrix elements images by using three- and four- input polarizations methods, is discussed. Mueller matrix measurement errors for different test anisotropic media are examined. The comparison between experimental and theoretical estimations of measurement error has been carried out for three and four input polarizations methods in 1D and 2D modes. It is shown that experimental results have a good agreement with theoretical estimations.
The properties of dichroic objects are discussed for a number of special cases where a specific constituent anisotropy is arbitrary. It is shown that a dichroic behavior in general may allow for the presence of birefringent mechanisms provided that they satisfy certain limitations. Corresponding Mueller matrices and their eigenpolarizations are derived for each case.
On the basis of the generalized Mueller matrix (Mar'enko and Savenkov, Optics and Spectroscopy, 76, 94-96, 1994), the structure of the incomplete Mueller matrix has been proposed for solving the inverse problem for homogeneous anisotropic medium. The expressions for the anisotropy parameters are obtained. The stability of the obtained expressions is considered.
In this paper an influence of imperfections of polarizing elements imaging Muller-polarimeter on accuracy of measurement is investigated. The operating of polarimeter is based on three probing polarization method (). The optimal scheme of polarimeter was chosen and recommendations on a selection of its parameters were produced.
Polarized light interaction with inhomogeneous linear birefringent crystalline medium in single scattering approach has been built. Mueller matrix of the medium has been calculated theoretically. Polarization characteristics of the scattered light behind the screen have been investigated.
Polarization characteristics of optical radiation for multiple scattering by diffttse interfaces are investigated in this
work. The experimental results that confirm to theoretical dependence both quality as quantitatively within the limits of
errors were obtained. It is shown that refraction index change causes significant changes of the polarization degree of the
scattered radiation.
The main goal of the present paper is an answer the question how one have exactly to measure the Mueller matrix elements and what characteristics the polarimeter must have for the determination of anisotropy of the studied medium with minimal error and time of measurement.
In this paper the results for measurements of the Mueller matrices of Chlorophytum leaf, of upper and down side epidermis of Chlorophytum leaf are presented. To physically identify the multiplicative model of a Chiorophytum leaf basing on its Mueller matrices, the coherency matrix, its eigenanalysis and matrix of homogeneous anisotropy are discussed.
The properties of the objects, which can be formed on the basis of only the deterministic and isotropic depolarization mechanisms, are studied. We found a test of attributing to this polarization class. The algorithm of the synthesis of objects attributing to the class has been presented.
On the basis of the generalized integral Mueller matrix of homogeneous anisotropic medium (Mar'enko and Savenkov, Optics and Spectroscopy, 76, 94-96, 1994; Savenkov, Chapter 4 in "From spectroscopy to remotely sensed spectra of terrestrial ecosystems," R.S. Muttiah, Eds., Kiuwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002) it is derived the correspondent differential Mueller matrix. The example of utilizing of the differential Mueller matrix for a phase medium to an approximation of linear dependence of anisotropy parameters from coordinate in propagatibn direction is presented.
The analysis of Mueller matrix measurement errors, total and for each of the matrix elements, for time-sequential Mueller polarimeter in the case of utilizing different types of Stokes polarimeters in receiving channel are carried out. The consideration concerns of two types of Stokes polarimeters: polarimeter based on four angular orientations of retarder and polarimeter based on phenomenological definition of the Stokes vector. It has been shown that the measurement errors depend on the type of anisotropy characterizing the studied object and the azimuth of linear anisotropy. This gives the extra opportunities for the reduction of errors of the Mueller matrix measurements.
The solutions of spectral problem (i.e. finding eigenpolarizations and eigenvalues) can be used for the classification of polarization objects. The paper presents the classification based on spectral problem solutions, which determine the conditions when the polarization object either isotropically absorbs the intensity of incident electromagnetic radiation or isotropically shift the phase. This approach enables us to highly enrich the existing classifications and avoid their deficiencies.
The analysis of dependence of total errors for objects with different anisotropy and error distribution over elements of experimental Mueller matrix for dynamic (dual rotating retarder-DRR) polarimeter is carried out. These results discloses new direction and matter of optimization of the Mueller matrix measurement.
Decomposition for the Jones matrix on the basis of matrices of circular and linear anisotropy was recently developed by Mar’enko and Savenkov1, and extended on the Mueller matrix formalism by Savenkov and Oberemok in2,3. The effect of experimental error on the decomposition as well as its transition trough the decomposition have been studied. The numerical experiment on decomposition of disturbed Mueller matrices is realized. The experiment is carried out within wide range of experimental error: from 0% up to 10%. As a result, it has been shown that the variance of the recovered parameters of anisotropy does not exceed an added noise up to its amplitude of 8%.
The analysis of the experiment results of measurements of the Mueller matrices shows that the values of error of each matrix element do not equal each other and depend on the anisotropy types of studied objects. However, this fact did not receive an appropriate attention in the literature yet. At the same time, this feature can be used for polarimeter optimization in measuring of objects with specific polarization behavior (linear amplitude or phase anisotropy). For the estimation of the Mueller matrix measurement error is usually used the total error, that is a square root of sum of squares of all matrix element error). As analysis have shown this is not always justified. The goal of this work is to analyze error distribution over experimental Mueller matrix elements for the serial probing polarimeter in its four input polarization mode. The analysis is carried out for the three cases: (1) uniformly precise Stokes measurements, (2) uniformly precise Fourier measurements, (3) non-uniformly precise Fourier measurements. These results disclose new aspects of the Mueller matrix measurement tools optimization and the Mueller matrix measurement strategies.
It is theoretically known, that there exists a reciprocal correspondence between Mueller and Jones matrix formalisms for deterministic objects. However, in practice, it is mostly failed to determine a Jones matrix corresponding an experimental Mueller matrix of the deterministic object. The reason of such situation is a presence of experimental errors of Mueller matrix measurements. In essence, there is no the systematic study of measurement error influence on results of analysis of information containing in Mueller matrix in polarization literature existed now. In the paper the method of finding of a deterministic Mueller matrix closest (the difference between its element values do not exceed a value of average measurement error) in some sense to initial experimental one is offered and for which the correspondent Jones matrix could be found. Our choice for the deterministic Mueller matrix is based on four anisotropy mechanisms: linear and circular amplitude (dichroism) anisotropy and linear and circular phase (birefrigent) anisotropy.
The Jones matrix formalism allows to consider separately the behavior of polarization ellipse and amplitude of radiation (Azzam R.M.A. and N.M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and polarized light. North-Holland. Amsterdam. 1977). In scope of the Mueller matrix formalism this question received considerably less attention. On the one hand, it is probably explained by apparent evidence of this question. Indeed, it is well known that polarization ellipse is completely described by three lower components and total intensity by first component of the Stokes vector (Azzam R.M.A. and N.M. Bashara, ibidem). On the other hand, many properties of the polarization transfer function were established basing on the exploitation of the conformality of bilinear transformation of polarization. However, the polarization transformation in scope of the Mueller matrix formalism has no such property. At the same time, the existence of the generalized deterministic Mueller matrix (Mar'enko V.V. and S.N. Savenkov, Representation of arbitrary Mueller matrix in the basis of matrices of circular and linear anisotropy. Optics and Spectroscopy, 76(1), pp. 94-96, 1994) allows to analyze the properties of the polarization transfer function in scope of the Mueller matrix formalism. Basing on this analysis it is offered the optimal procedure to measure elements of the Mueller matrix, which are the coefficients of polarization transfer function.
At present there exist some approaches to Mueller-matrix description of depolarization ability of studied object in elastic light scattering. However, as analysis have been carried out in the present paper have been carried out in the present paper have shown all of them are characterized with some essential demerits inherent in approaches pointed out above.
The problem of determination of main demands to which modem Mueller-polarimeter has to correspond have been widely addressed in polarimetric literature existed now. However, at our opinion there exists one more conceptual demand to which modem Mueller-polarimeter has to correspond and that of has not been addressed in polarimetric literature yet. This is the developed functional elasticity of polarimeter. This means that the modem Mueller-polarimeter must have the possibility to realize the various approaches to the Mueller matrix measurement (say, fully dynamic, four, three and two probating polarization) and some other functions, in particular, the producing of any needed state of polarization (whole Poincare sphere in general) of probating radiation. It is greatly important to note that all above functions the polarimeter have to realize only by correspondent software. In the paper the analysis and optimization of automatic Mueller-polarimeter utilizing general- purpose controlled polarization transformer based on electro-optical effect in probing channel and that of meets the requirement determined above is presented.
The comparative study of dimension distributions of ionite granules of KU-2-8, Amberlite and some other sorts by moist sizing and Mueller- polarimetry methods have been carried out. The range of particle sizes and homogeneity were measured. The experiments have shown that there exists a satisfactory agreement with the results obtained by moist sizing and Mueller-polarimetry methods. It have been shown that Mueller- polarimetry method have a high sensitivity to the granules sizing, homogeneity, shape and color characteristics of particles. The method gives the possibility to test of granulemetric composition of different sorts of ionites and can be used for testing of various kinds of synthetic adsorbents.
Mueller matrix formalism has been used for the analysis of polarization properties for microalgae with different content and structure of cells' wall. Using microalgae from different systematic groups: Cyanobacteria (murein cells' wall)--Anabaena hassalii (Kuetz) Wittr., Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz. emend. Elenk., and Chlorophyta (cellulose)--Ankistradesmus fusiformas Corda. The dependence of obtained polarization properties of microalgae from morphological peculiarities of cells and its sizes was discussed.
Analysis of existing approaches to the problem of the physical realizability of experimentally obtained Mueller matrix has been carried out. The more physically clear approach has been suggested to answer the question whether experimentally obtained Mueller matrix is physically realizable with given experimental error. This method has been illustrated for Mueller matrices existed in polarimetric literature (Ramsey, Howell, etc). This method has been applied for the set of experimental Mueller matrices we have obtained as well.
It is known that the fact that symmetry of studied object permit reduction of the number of independent parameters of Mueller matrix of the object was firstly noted by F. Perrin. This work was carried out in scope of so-called direct problem of polarimetry. In the present paper the analysis of number of Mueller matrix independent parameters for nondepolarizing and input-independent classes of objects in scope of inverse problem of polarimetry is carried out.
Lately definite efforts were undertaken in the field of elucidation of physical meaning and terminology conformity: depolarizing, nondepolarizing, deterministic, and nondeterministic systems. In spite of that this problem do not completely solve yet. In particular, a result issued from such situation is an existence of surprising assertion that system polarization properties of which are determined by Mueller- Jones (i.e. deterministic one) matrix can depolarize incident radiation. In this paper the detail analysis of the situation was conducted. On basis of this analysis new physically nondiscrepant and clear classification of systems 'polarization behavior' is presented.
It is known that all changes in state of polarization of EM radiation taken place without depolarization can be completely described by means of deterministic Mueller matrix. Such a 4 X 4 matrix transforms Stokes vector of incident radiation and can be expressed in terms of correspondent 2 X 2 Jones matrix. Lately relations between the two types of matrix are obtained. In the same time physically acceptable nondepolarizing Mueller matrix can have no correspondent Jones matrix. Such situation can take place when Mueller matrix is a nondepolarizing but not a deterministic. It is shown that conditions of nondepolarization are more soft then deterministic ones and, thus, deterministic Mueller matrix is a subset of nondepolarizing one. The minimum set of nondepolarizing conditions is obtained.
In the paper we investigated both theoretically and experimentally the peculiarities of the interaction between coherent electromagnetic radiation and a slab of inhomogeneous anisotropic media. Theoretical model of the object was based on the approximation of anisotropic phase screen. Measurements were taken with rough anisotropic phase plate in transmitted light. Spatial polarization characteristics of scattered radiation were measured in relation to the polarization parameters of incident light. Experimental results agree satisfactory with theoretical predictions.
The full polarization elements parameter optimization is conducted to minimize the determination error of Mueller matrix elements and to accelerate the measurement. The optimal retarders rotating frequency ratio is found. Expressions for the Mueller matrix elements is given in terms of components of the signal Fourier decomposition for the dynamic Muller-polarimeter (which scheme was proposed by R. Azzam in 1978) with arbitrary parameters. Muller- polarimeter with optimal parameters is shown to have the measurement error in 1.7 times less than Mueller-polarimeter with parameter chosen in traditional manner. The correspondent computer simulation is conducted to confirm theoretical study.
Properly measured experimental Mueller matrix contains complete information on depolarization, anisotropy properties of studied object and on value of isotropic change of probated radiation intensity by studied object as well. They know that Jones matrix contains complete information on value of isotropic change of probated radiation intensity and on anisotropy properties of studied object. Thus, in the case of absent of depolarization and measurement errors reducing to existence of, so called, overpolarization there exist a one-to-one correspondence between Mueller and Jones matrix. Mueller matrix will then be called a Mueller-Jones matrix. The possibility of extraction of Mueller-Jones part out of any experimental Mueller matrix is extremely important because of following. First, it allows us to obtain everything about depolarization properties of studied object directly. Depolarization is very informative 'object' and now, in the majority, one knows little about its nature and methods of its complete description. Second, one gets the possibility to operate with correspondent Jones matrix to analyze of which there exist the powerful methods such as solving of the spectral problem and application of the decomposition theorem formerly proved by the present authors. The distinctive feature of the method proposed here is that it allows us in the best way to take into consideration the important fact that far from all elements of initial Mueller matrix contains information on depolarization.
Various kinds of laser radar systems have become widespread. But most of these systems are the systems with amplitude processing of information. The polarization processing of information is used considerably rarely. As a rule these systems are based on measurement of Stokes vector. Practically, there are not systems based on the measurement of Mueller matrix. Although it is known that the last one contained the maximum of information on physical properties of objects. The mostly full absence of processing methods of information contained in Mueller matrix makes such order of matter. The original method of Mueller matrix analysis and a laser radar system based on it are presented in the paper. The system created has got an accuracy of 0.05% for single measurements. It is reached due to use of a control electro- optical polarization converter in the probing and receiving channels of the system. This makes it possible to fully automate processes of measurement and calibration of the system. It also makes available operational elasticity of the system: choice of measurement parameters (whole Stokes vector, Mueller matrix or particularly some of their elements) only by software means. Measurement time reached a few microseconds. The exception of influence of the optical radiation background component on the measurement result without use of an interference filter is a distinction of this system. It considerably increases the level of interference suppression. It is possible due to the intensity modulation of optical radiation in the system probing channel with simultaneous modulation of polarization. Another distinction of this system is the concept of processing of received information. On the base of this concept the following statement is laid: an arbitrary Mueller matrix always may be presented on the basis of amplitude and phase anisotropy matrices. There are some very important consequences of this statement. Namely, it allows us to characterize suitably the physical behavior of the object with respect to polarization phenomena and to perform a general classification of objects based on the above mentioned approach. Furthermore it is possible on this base to synthesize the polarization systems with given characteristics.
A general approach for the investigation of the anisotropy properties of scattering and turbid mediums is presented. These properties are given by seven independent parameters characterizing the depolarization degree, amplitude and phase anisotropy of investigated mediums. The approach is based on the statement of basis presentation of anisotropy properties of medium and on theorem of decomposition. This allows us to obtain full information on anisotropy properties of the medium which cannot be obtained by any other known sensing methods and to perform a general classification system of mediums. Such a classification system enables us to find the regularities and to conduct compared analysis of anisotropy properties of different nature mediums.
It is known that the investigation of polarization structure of scattered optical radiation considerably enlarges the size of information on physical properties of objects interacting with radiation. For remote sensing the modulation Stokes-polarimeter was used. The main feature of this polarimeter is an electro-optical control converter of polarization in the receiving channel. It allows us to reach the time of single measurement up to a few microseconds and the accuracy does not exceed 0.1%. The measurement process is completely automatic. It carried out the investigation of the following objects: leaves of birch, oak, poplar; geranium; moss. The main consequences are: (1) polarization properties enable us to differ one kind of leaf from another; (2) the rear side of the leaf from the right one; (3) to monitor the degree of natural humidity; (4) to define whether the surface of a given foliage is humid (say, due to rain) or dry. All that and the theoretical investigations carried out by the author now enable us to conclude that the polarization characteristics are extremely informative and may be the basis of the process of recognition, monitoring, and classification of various kinds of foliage and grass covers.
The system created has an accuracy of 0.05% for single measurements. It is reached due to controlled electro-optical polarization probing and recieving channels of the system. This makes it possible to fully automate processes of measurement and calibration of system. It also makes available operational elasticity of the system: choice of measurement parameters (whole Stokes vector, Mueller matrix, or particularly some of their elements) only by means of software. Measurement time reached a few microseconds. Exceptions of influence of optical radiation background component of measurement results without use of interference filter is a distinction of this system. It considerably increases the level of interference suppression. It is possible due to intensity modulation of optical radiation is sysem probing channel with simultaneous modulation of polarization. Other distictions of this system include the concept of processing received information. On the basis of this concept the following statement is laid: an arbitrary Mueller matrix is always presented on basis of amplitude and phase anisotropy matrices. There are some very important consequences of this statement. Namely it allows us to characterize suitably the physical behavior of the object with respect to polarization phenomena and to perform a general classification of objects based on the above mentioned approach. Furthermore, it is possible on this basis to synthesize the polarization systems with given characteristics.
The general approach to the problems of recognition and classification of objects based on the analysis of its anisotropy properties is discussed. Anisotropy properties of objects are presented by seven independent parameters having clear physical sense: relative value p and orientation (theta) of linear amplitude dichroism; relative value r of circular dichroism; relative value (delta) and orientation (alpha) of linear birefringence; value (phi) of circular birefringence and value of depolarization P. Analysis of anisotropy properties and obtainment of concrete values of above parameters are based on the theorem of decomposition claiming that the nondepolarizing Mueller matrix can always be presented on basis of the matrices of the phase and amplitude anisotropy. Developed in details classification system is presented. Taking into account the facts of presence or absence of any sort of anisotropy and of depolarization any object can be referred to the one of the 32 classes. If information on isotropic changes of amplitude and phase of radiation interacting with an object is interest than the analysis will be carried out in extended basis of anisotropy. Extended basis of anisotropy is the full equal model of real medium.
The modulation polarimeter with an accuracy of 0.05% for single measurements has been created. It is made by using control electro-optical wave plate as a polarization converter in probing and receiving channels. This makes it possible to fully automate processes of measurement and calibration of a polarimeter. It also makes available the operational elasticity of the polarimeter. Measurement time reached a few microseconds. The exception of an optical field background component on measurement results without use of an interference filter is a distinction of this polarimeter. It is possible due to intensity modulation of optical radiation in the polarimeter probing channel with simultaneous modulation of polarization.
A general approach for the investigation of the polarization properties of scattering mediums is presented. These properties are given by six independent parameters characterizing the amplitude and phase anisotropy of investigated mediums. The corresponding theorem is proved. This allows us to characterize suitably the physical behavior of the medium with respect to polarization phenomena and to perform a general classification of mediums based on the above mentioned approach. Furthermore, it is possible on this basis to synthesize the polarization systems with given characteristics.
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