Since the event of metamaterials, a considerable effort has been performed to fabricate them in the infrared and optical
regimes. However, apart from the experimental demonstration and observation of H. J. Lezec et al based on surface
plasma polariton, direct visualisation of negative refraction based on metal-dielectric resonances have not been
performed experimentally so far in the infrared or visible regime (photonic crystals with periodicity on the order of the
wavelength are not considered here). Very often only simulations have given the needed phase information for the
retrieval methods in optical experiments. In this paper, a metamaterial composed of SRR (Split Ring Resonators) and a
continuous wire is considered. We extract the phase information from the transmission and the reflection measurements
through a diffraction grating made of the metamaterial to be characterized and silicon or gold. This retrieval allows a
unambiguous retrieval of the effective parameters under conditions discussed in the paper at IR and visible wavelengths.
Dielectric substrates supporting planar periodic subwavelength metamaterial-based metallic arrays and presenting
frequency dispersive phase characteristics are applied to ultra-compact high-gain and high-directivity planar antennas. In
this paper, different models of metamaterial-based surfaces introducing a zero degree reflection phase shift to incident
waves are firstly studied numerically using finite-element method analysis where the bandwidth and operation frequency
are predicted. These surfaces are then applied in a resonant Fabry-Perot type cavity and a ray optics analysis is used to
design different models of ultra-compact high-gain microstrip printed antennas. Firstly, a cavity antenna of thickness
&lgr;/60 based on the use of a microstrip patch antenna and two bidimensional metamaterial-based surfaces, the first one
acting as a High Impedance Surface (HIS) and the second one acting as a Partially Reflecting Surface (PRS) is designed.
This cavity is then optimized for easier fabrication process and loss reduction by the use of only one bidimensionnal
composite metamaterial-based surface acting as a PRS. Secondly, another surface presenting a variable phase by the use
of a non periodic metamaterial-based metallic strips array is designed for a passive low-profile steering beam antenna
application. Finally, a switchable operation frequency cavity by the implementation of varicap diodes is designed and
fabricated. All these cavity antennas operate on subwavelength modes, the smallest cavity thickness being of the order of &lgr;/60.
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