Tobacco abuse and alcoholism cause cancer, emphysema, and heart disease, which contribute to high death rates, globally. Society pays a significant cost for these habits whose first demonstration in many cases is in the oral cavity. Oral cavity disorders are highly curable if a screening procedure is available to diagnose them in the earliest stages. The aim of the study is to identify the severity of tobacco abuse, in oral cavity, as reflected by the emission from endogenous fluorophores and the chromophore hemoglobin. A group who had no tobacco habits and another with a history of tobacco abuse were included in this study. To compare the results with a pathological condition, a group of leukoplakia patients were also included. Emission from porphyrin and the spectral filtering modulation effect of hemoglobin were collected from different sites. Multivariate analysis strengthened the spectral features with a sensitivity of 60% to 100% and a specificity of 76% to 100% for the discrimination. Total hemoglobin and porphyrin levels of habitués and leukoplakia groups were comparable, indicating the alarming situation about the risk of tobacco abuse. Results prove that fluorescence spectroscopy along with multivariate analysis is an effective noninvasive tool for the early diagnosis of pathological changes due to tobacco abuse.
Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are powerful tools to differentiate normal and malignant tissue based on the emissions from endogenous fluorophores and diffuse reflection of absorbers such as hemoglobin. However, separate analytical methods are used for the identification of fluorophores and hemoglobin. The estimation of fluorophores and hemoglobin simultaneously using a single technique of autofluorescence spectroscopy is reported, and its diagnostic potential on clinical tissue samples is potentially exploited. Surgically removed brain tissues from patients that are later identified pathologically as astrocytoma, glioma, meningioma, and schwannoma are studied. The emissions from prominent fluorophores collagen, flavin adenine dinucleotide, phospholipids, and porphyrin are analyzed at 320 and 410 nm excitations. The hemoglobin concentration is also calculated from the ratio of fluorescence emissions at 500 and 570 nm. A better classification of normal and tumor tissues is yielded for 410 nm excitation compared to 320 nm when diagnostic algorithm based on linear discriminant analysis is used. The potential of fluorescence spectroscopy as a single entity to evaluate the prominent fluorophores as well as the hemoglobin concentration within normal and tumor brain tissues is emphasized.
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