In this paper, a directly pumped passively Q-switched Nd3+ -doped phosphate fiber laser using Cr4+:YAG as a saturable absorber is reported. The Nd3+ -doped phosphate fiber preform with minimal internal defects were prepared by the double-peeled isolation extrusion method and drawn into optical fibers. The core-clad size of the fiber was 234/356 μm, with a transmission loss of 1.1 dB/m at 1053 nm. Subsequently, a passively Q-switched fiber laser was constructed based on the homemade Nd3+ -doped phosphate fiber, and the effects of parameters such as the reflectivity of the output coupler mirror, the transmittance of the saturable absorber, the length of the fiber, and the pumping power on the characteristics of the output laser pulse were investigated. After optimizing the key parameters, the laser achieved a peak pulse energy of 388 μJ and a maximum peak power of 21.8 kW. The results provide fundamental theoretical and experimental guidance for the development of passively Q-switched fiber lasers with high peak power, demonstrating significant practical value and theoretical significance.
The propagation properties of Helical Ince-Gaussian (HIG) beams in oceanic turbulence are analyzed using the random phase screen method. A comparative analysis of the spot centroid wander and the scintillation indices of different order HIG modes as a function of propagation distance has been performed. A comparative analysis of the spot centroid wander and the scintillation indices of different order HIG modes as a function of propagation distance has been performed. The results indicate that compared to the LG0,1 mode, the HIG mode with order p=m⪆1 has a smaller standard deviation of spot centroid wander and scintillation index during propagation. Especially, the standard deviation of the spot centroid wander decreases with the increase of the HIG mode’s order, while the scintillation indices of odd-order HIGm,m beams are generally higher than those of even-order HIGm,m modes. In addition, the scintillation index of the odd-order HIGm,m beam decreases with the increase of the ellipticity parameter, while that of the even-order HIGm,m beam increases. Finally, we conclude that under the influence of oceanic turbulence, the HIG mode has a lower scintillation index than the IG mode at the same propagation distance. The results have significant implications for the oceanic applications of the HIG modes.
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