Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) is a greenhouse gas inventory sector that evaluates greenhouse gas changes in the atmosphere from land use and land-use change. EU LULUCF Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2018/841) obliges Member States to use geographically explicit approaches to derive the land use and land use change(LULUC) statistics used for compiling and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector. These emissions/removals are subject to an inventory which must be reported annually under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This study emphasizes on remote sensing importance for establishing the land use and land cover (LU/LC) distribution, possibilities to detect LU/LC changes associated to LULUCF sector in the Yougoiztochen (southeastern) region in Bulgaria. Data from different sources have been processed to interpret possible reasons for differences in the LU/LC categories distribution considering the impact of climate change factors. Scrutinizing the climate change impact could contribute further in the GHG emission inventory process. The remotelysensed data should be considered by stakeholders as a means to fill in gaps and possibilities to meet the needs for a more consistent approach and to support monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from LULUCF sector.
Wetlands are the habitats for a large number of protected plant and animal species and at the same time are among the ecosystems types that are most affected by human activity, which has led to their significant reduction in their area disrtibution and the loss of biological variety within their territory. In the current survey we have analyzed the status of some of the most representative wetlands in Bulgaria (Srebarna, Shabla Lake - Ezerets, Pomorie, Mandra-Poda, Kalimok- Brashlen, Complex Kalimok, Pozharevo-Garvan, Durankulak Lake, Bourgas Lake, Atanasovsko Lake and Aheloy-Ravda- Nesebar) based on remote sensing for a period of more than 7 years to establish the availability or lack of changes mainly in wetlands’ water surface. The quantitative assessment and the degree of wetands changes have been made by calculating remotely-sensed indices NDVI, NDGI, NDWI, MNDWI and others. A methodology for ecological monitoring in different temporal intervals has been proposed and additionally the results from the application of remote sensing for the purpose of wetland monitoring have been presented. The results will contribute to developing a common model for wetlands monitoring in Bulgaria based on remote sensing which can improve the existing management practices for wetland conservation, restoration and maintenance.
In the year 2012 the Ministry of environment and waters (MOEW) in Bulgaria initiate the development of “Methodology for defining the adjoining lands and flooding rivers stripes in Bulgaria” based on Water Directive 2000/60/ЕС requirements and its transposing into national law. The methodology should be applied in cases when governmental bodies issue permits for use and water use of a water body upon art. 46 of the Water Act in Bulgaria. The methodology can be used also in the development of Flooding Risk Management Plans. The research investigates the possibilities of remote sensing as a tool for the verification of initial data for generating DEM and verification of data for the bedding surface of the studied watershed to the place of use or water use from the river section. The results show that remote sensing data from Sentinel-2 contribute for the timeliness of the data that have been used in different stages of the Methodology. The correlation among components water, vegetation and soil have been examined by estimating the indices NDVI, NDWI, SAVI, MSAVI 2. The interpretation of the analysis is useful when calculate the maximum runoff formed in the studied watershed. The probability of an increase in the water levels of the studied river section and flooding of the lands belonging to it can be predicted by applying the methodology.
According to Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (Habitats Directive) each member state should maintain or restore at favorable conservation status natural habitats and species of wild fauna and flora. The study examines the possibilities for application of remote sensing in projects for improving the conservation status of habitats in NATURA 2000 network in Bulgaria. The research focuses on exploring the actual condition of certain habitats before and after implementing restoration measures like removing invasive or ruderal flora types. Sentinel-2 images and have been used to detect changes in plant species distribution and drone to verify that the invasive plant species have been removed. GIS database has been developed which can be used in future monitoring on surveyed area. The results can be used as a verification tool to measure the effectiveness of the restoration measures implemented and in long-term aspect to track the sustainability of similar projects in Bulgaria.
As a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and signatory of UN Paris Agreement Bulgaria has the obligation to submit annual Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory covering emissions and removals of GHGs from Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). In particular, for calculation of GHG emissions and removals from LULUCF information about land area is needed for different land uses at yearly basis and at national level. This research focuses on tracking the changes in land cover and land use (Forest land, Cropland, Grassland, Wetlands, Settlements, Other land) for 2012-2021 period based on developed satellite database for the territory of selected test area - South-Eastern (Yugoiztochen) region for the needs of GHG reporting in Bulgaria. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how the application of remote sensing tools can contribute for the country to switch to a higher Tier and Approach 3: spatially explicit land-use and land use change data. The results can be considered by the decision- makers to overcome the challenges they face in improving Transparency, accuracy, consistency, comparability and completeness of GHG emission estimates.
The general idea of the study is to emphasize the necessity of Interim Ecological Monitoring application based on remote sensing tools for effective monitoring on water bodies used to supply drinking water to urban areas. The aim of the study is to identify the changes in the water surface of the “Studena dam” for a period of three years (2018-2020) and in different seasons. The investigation is made based on Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 (MSI optical) data for different time intervals. Orthogonalization of Sentinel 2 data has been applied. Correlation between the obtained data from Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2 has been defined. The results have been verified by additional data generated by analyzing the inflow and outflow in watershed and alluvial outflow based on officially published information by the Ministry of Environment and Water in Bulgaria (e.g. monthly schedules for water usage from dams with great importance for Republic of Bulgaria, calculations, etc.) and the influence of climate factors (precipitation and temperature). The final results from IEM application based on remote sensing data could be applied to generate tendency for changes in dam water volume in different time periods and gives opportunity for decision-makers to undertake preventive actions or effective actions in case of a water crisis.
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