This paper presents a highly sensitive, robust, fully packaged accelerometer utilizing Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) technology, engineered to offer exceptional performance in dynamic environments. The proposed accelerometer integrates self-temperature compensation mechanisms to ensure accurate readings across varying thermal conditions. Leveraging FBG technology, the device achieves a remarkable sensitivity of 1000 pm/g and a resonant frequency of 184 Hz, facilitating efficient detection of rapid changes in acceleration. The design incorporates two Fiber Bragg gratings as sensing elements and innovative structural configurations to enhance robustness and reliability in harsh operating environments. The design is optimised for required parameters using extensive modelling and simulations. Furthermore, the extraction of velocity is carried out through efficient signal processing algorithm which makes it easy to operate and field deployable. In this research work, experimental validation along with a commercial accelerometer demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed accelerometer, showcasing its potential for applications where high sensitivity and resilience to temperature fluctuations are paramount. Moreover, the developed accelerometer is experimented for ground vibrations and is found to be operative up to a range of 12 m. This research contributes to the advancement of sensor technology, offering a promising solution for demanding acceleration measurement requirements in various engineering disciplines. In future, the developed accelerometer will be employed for real time measurement of blast induced vibrations in mining applications.
Tilt sensors are devices that measure the tilt or slope of an object with respect to a reference. Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) tilt sensors are a specific type of tilt sensor that utilizes the principle of Bragg’s law in fiber optics to measure tilt angles. In a FBG tilt sensor, the optical fibre is usually placed such that there is a shift in the Bragg wavelength with the change of orientation of the monitored object thus eliciting a sensor response. The advantages of an FBG tilt sensor over traditional sensor is its high precision of measurement and insensitivity to EMI. The FBG tilt sensor in this study is designed to operate accurately and reliably in the presence of vibrations or mechanical oscillations over a range of 0-50°. The structure of the sensor consists of the sensing element attached to a single body cantilever with optimized variable cross-section for adequate strain enhancement. The sensitivity of the sensor is approximately 31 pm/° and the resonant frequency is approximately 40 Hz. A vibration isolation mechanism is designed for this sensor where a neoprene pad is attached between the main body and the mount of the sensor. A finite element analysis is conducted to comparatively verify the sensor’s performance with and without the vibration isolation scheme. It has been found from the results that the current design scheme has been effective in isolating the response of the sensor from environmental vibrations. This sensor can thus be reliably used in machines/structures subjected to random vibrations in various application areas such as aerospace, automotive, structural health monitoring, and industrial automation, where stable and accurate measurements are crucial.
Long period fiber grating (LPFG) has been actively researched in bio-sensing applications owing to its ability to sense refractive index (RI) of the surrounding medium. We investigate on the adequacy of the present state of the art to quantify adsorption of bio-molecules on the surface of the fiber confined within few tens of nanometers and possible improvements in the design of sensors suitable for bio-sensing applications.
This work presents a fiber-optic Cavity Ring-Down (CRD) configuration using an added-signal for curvature sensing. An Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) was used to send impulses down into the fiber loop cavity, inside of which a long period grating (LPG) was placed to act as sensing device. The added-signal was obtained by the sum of several conventional CRD impulses, thus providing an improvement on the curvature sensitivity when compared to the conventional CRD signal processing. Sensitivity to applied curvature of 15.3 μs/m-1 was obtained. This result was found to be 20-fold the one obtained for the conventional CRD signal processing.
Long period fiber gratings (LPGs) have recently been proposed as label-free biosensors. A biochemical interaction
occurring along the grating region can be evaluated as a refractive index (RI) change, which modifies the transmission
spectrum of the fiber. This is an emergent, alternative choice with respect to other label-free optical systems, such as
surface plasmon resonance, interferometric and in-fiber configurations, and resonating structures. In this work, various
types of not-coated LPGs, in which the coupling occurs with increasing cladding mode orders, were manufactured for
increasing the RI sensitivity of these sensors. After the functionalization of the fiber surface using Eudragit L100
copolymer, a label-free IgG/anti-IgG bioassay was realized for analyzing the antigen/antibody interaction following the
same model assay. A comprehensive feasibility study was carried out among the different LPGs in order to assess and
compare the biosensor performance, highlighting the advantages and the disadvantages of each type. Experimental
results proved an improvement in the RI sensitivity and in the biosensor performance in the case of high-order cladding
mode LPGs, with values of detection limit lower than 50 ng mL-1 (330 pM). The performance enhancement can be
explained with the increase in the penetration depth of the evanescent field due to the increase of the cladding mode
order. The sensor response was also studied using complex matrices made up of human serum.
For detecting bio-molecular interaction using long period grating (LPG) we believe that a quantitative data concerning sensitivity for addition of layers on the surface and subsequently to optimize the same appears to be more usefull than defining LPG sensitivity for a surrounding refractive index change in bulk form. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we quantify the shift of resonant wavelength (Δλres) of the mode of interest around the transition point as a function of unit bi-layer thickness (Δd) of poly-electrolyte, deposited by ionic self assembly, and subsequently optimize the sensitivity Δλres/Δd. Experimental result show that a shift of ~12.5 nm/bi-layer is possible with optimum number of bi-layer deposition.
Long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) have been proposed as label-free optical biosensor for a few years. Refractive index changes, which modify the fiber transmission spectrum, are still used for evaluating a biochemical interaction that occurs along the grating region. A turn-around point (TAP) LPFG was manufactured for enhancing the refractive index sensitivity of these devices. Considering the simplicity and the fast process with respect to the silanization procedure, the functionalization of the fiber was carried out by Eudragit L100 copolymer. An IgG/anti-IgG immunoassay was implemented for studying the antigen/antibody interaction. A limit of detection lower than 100 μg L-1 was achieved. Based on the same model assay, we compared the resonance wavelength shifts during the injection of 10 mg L-1 anti-IgG antigen between the TAP LPFG and a standard non-TAP one, in which the coupling occurs with a lower order cladding mode, as performance improvement of the LPFG-based biosensors.
A fiber optic sensor for high sensitivity refractive index and temperature measurement able to withstand temperature up to 450 °C is reported. Two identical LPG gratings were fabricated, whereas one was coated with a high refractive index (~1.78) sol-gel thin film in order to increase its sensitivity to the external refractive index. The two sensors were characterized and compared in refractive index and temperature. Sensitivities of 1063 nm/RIU (1.338 – 1.348) and 260 pm/°C were achieved for refractive index and temperature, respectively.
We investigate the phase matching conditions and sensitivities of higher order metal jacketed long period gratings
(LPGs). These higher order modes have been previously demonstrated to have flatter, and therefore more sensitive,
phase matching conditions leading up to the phase matching turning point. We demonstrate this increased sensitivity as
applied to a Pd jacketed LPG hydrogen sensor illustrating an improvement in both the refractive index and temperature
sensitivity (of the 17th order mode) of an order of magnitude over the lower order (1st-9th) modes.
Complex regenerated Bragg gratings, seeded by complex type-I gratings in H2 loaded germanosilicate optical fibre is
reported. By this means, dual channel grating filters which are stable beyond 1000°C are produced. These high
temperature stable co-located dual gratings have potential application in sensing and multi-wavelength high power lasers.
Strong regenerated gratings are reported, with a maximum grating strength exceeding (40-50) dB. Further annealing
between 1000 and 1100°C leads to a stabilised grating ~18dB in strength. This suffers no further degradation at 1100°C
for the period monitored, over 4 hrs.
We report some of our recent progress in the area of Bragg grating writing in photonic crystal fibres (PCFs). The various
challenges that PCFs present are discussed and the methods used to overcome these challenges are presented. The
fabrication of highly-durable type-IIa gratings in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre is demonstrated, the rotational
variance of grating inscription is also investigated through both experiments and numerical modeling. In other
experiments we fabricate a narrow-linewidth distributed feedback (DFB) laser in erbium-doped PCF, achieving stable,
single-mode and CW operation. The potential of such a DFB PCF in sensing applications is assessed by accurately
measuring an absorption line of acetylene gas.
In many countries like India, risk analysis is limited to hazard mapping, showing areas where different levels of hazard
can be expected. The available risk information is usually at too limited in spatial and temporal resolution to provide
useful information on increasingly complex and dynamic risk patterns. Risk maps, based on coarse resolution Earth
Observation (EO) data, give the impression of uniform hazard and vulnerability patterns over wide areas. As such risk
is quite complex and dynamic. Risk analysis strategies have normally been restricted to the physical aspects. In most
countries it is extremely rare to find risk analysis to take account of the social, economic, institutional and cultural
aspects of vulnerability. The absence of conceptual and spatial models capable of representing the social, economic
and cultural dimensions of vulnerability is another problem. Many aspects of vulnerability are difficult to quantify.
The development of advanced models is still at the frontier of geo-informatics research, with the result that there are
still no tried and tested procedures available for building social vulnerability aspects into risk information systems.
The present paper suggests couple of approaches wherein multi-date EO data have strategically been used for risk
assessment due to floods and drought.
An improved optical matrix-vector multiplication is performed by convolution process. The multiplicated binary numbers are represented by on/off states of light sources and the multiplier binary numbers are recorded on a spatial light modulator. Cylindrical optics is used as free space interconnection. The convolution coefficients are recorded on a CCD array. The output of the CCD array are added in a computer to yield the result of multiplication. The operation is completely digital and needs no analog to digital conversion. Because of parallel operation in two dimensions, the processing speed is greatly increased.
The kernel associated with Fresnel diffraction, which is an exponential chirp function, has recently been shown to possess the shifting and scaling properties of wavelet functions. However, these scaling chirp functions do not satisfy the commonly used admissibility conditions. We propose to synthesize a class of quasi-wavelet filter functions by taking difference of two such chirp functions with two different scaling depths and term these filters as difference-of-chirps (DOC). The Fourier transform of DOC functions have zero values at the origin, and can be used for edge feature extraction. Computer simulations as well as some experimental results have been presented.
Realization of a two-dimensional discrete Walsh transform (DWT) by matrix-vector multiplication in an optical architecture is presented. Although data are entered sequentially, the parallelism of optical architecture is exploited in the proposed system and, therefore, the computation time required to obtain the DWT is less when compared to its equivalent electronic system. The hardware realization is achieved with the help of a microprocessor.
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