The specklegram analysis due to macro-bending of optical fibers has been widely employed for different sensing purposes. In this work, we mainly detect the random, multiple macro-bending loss by employing a deep learning-based convolutional neural network (CNN) namely the AlexNet model. Here, we detect the discrete losses corresponding to six macro-bends of different radii at six different locations of plastic optical fiber (POF). The proposed model can detect the macro-bending losses with 100% detection accuracy which signifies the efficacy of the proposed AlexNet model. In perspective, our results may pave the way for developing a deep-learning methodology for the smart detection of several, discrete macro-bending losses in POFs for several sensing applications.
A weight recognition scheme is proposed based on the analysis of plastic optical fiber (POF) specklegrams. A simple experiment is performed for data acquisition comprising specklegram images corresponding to different external applied weights ranging from 0 to 3 kg in steps of 0.5 kg on the POF. These specklegram images are further split into training, validation, and test datasets for employment in the convolutional neural network (CNN). The model is trained and validated with a sufficient number of epochs (iterations) to obtain optimal training and validation accuracies (>90 % ); it is then used for recognizing (classifying) the unseen test dataset images. A user-defined CNN model is optimized using four different optimizers: Adam, AdaMax, Nadam, and RMSProp. The recognition (or test) accuracy of these optimizers is compared. The Nadam optimizer has the highest recognition accuracy of 93.1% for increasing weights and 91.9% for decreasing weights. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of two parameters, namely temperature effect and information loss of specklegrams, on the model’s weight recognition accuracy. The temperature effect is studied for finite temperatures ranging from 29°C to 35°C with 3°C step fluctuations around the ambient temperature of 25°C. We find that the maximum deviation in recognition accuracy is about 1.2%. To quantify the information content (speckles) in each blocked specklegram, Shannon entropy (SE) is estimated. These images are then used in our existing CNN model with the Nadam optimizer to evaluate recognition performance with blocking. With increasing blocking, we observe a decrease in SE and recognition accuracy. This analysis suggests that, even with information loss in the specklegrams at ≤20 % blocking, a good representation of weights with high recognition accuracy (>80 % ) can be obtained. The presence of a small physical obstacle in front of the imaging system can cause information loss in specklegrams to manifest in practical scenarios.
In this paper, a method for interrogation of Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) and single mode-multimode-single mode (SMS) fiber for simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain using is proposed and demonstrated. A half etched FBG is deployed in the optical circuitry for sensitivity enhancement. The sensor exhibits the temperature and strain sensitivity of 20.2 pm/°C and 1.91 pm/με over the range of 20-200 °C and 100-2020 με respectively. The resolution for temperature and strain measurement is ±0.5 °C and ±12 με. The experimental results show that the sensor is able to measure strain and temperature simultaneously by sensitivity matrix with additional advantages such as simple structure, compact size, ease of fabrication, and low cost.
Poincare sphere (PS) representation for all possible modes of a few-mode optical fiber is presented. The fiber that can support up to two scalar modes is considered for the study. The polarization aspects of first-order linearly polarized degenerate modes and their possible combinations that generate inhomogeneously polarized vector vortex modes (VVMs) are discussed using Stokes analysis. A class of VVMs such as spiral and hybridly polarized modes, apart from well-known radial and azimuthal vector modes, are generated by the linear combination of first-order orthogonal linearly polarized modes with tilted polarization vector. All homogeneously polarized fiber modes are accommodated on standard PS, and inhomogeneously polarized vortex modes are accommodated on a pair of higher order PS. The location of VVM on higher order PS is justified by the positions of orthogonal linearly polarized modes on standard PS.
We have generated a vortex beam with spiral polarization using a few-mode optical fiber. The excitation of the beam is controlled by coupling conditions of incident light beam with the fiber and the state of polarization of input Gaussian beam. The constituent orthogonal linearly polarized modes that contribute to the generation of such spiral vortex beam by inherent mode-mixing are also selectively excited by launching orthogonally polarized light into the fiber input end. Our experimental results suggests a strong dependency of polarization and phase of the fiber output beam on the state of polarization of input beam and are expected to be useful in mode conversion and controlled OAM beam generation. The obtained experimental results are best matched with simulation results.
An intensity modulated Fiber optic prism based liquid concentration sensor is proposed. The sensing principle is based on total internal reflection (TIR) inside the prism which gets modulated in the vicinity of liquid as a function of refractive index. The precise movement of sensor head in liquids, gives rise to a hysteresis curve which is considered as a measure of liquid concentration. Different liquid concentrations of Sucrose, Saline solution (NaCl) and Glycerin are taken for the study. The sensor exhibits sensitivity of 371.16, 2133.25 and 1501.89 Sucrose, Saline water and Glycerin solutions respectively.
Photonic bandgap of two dimensional semiconductor photonic crystal structures of square and triangular lattices are
studied using plane wave expansion method. The bandgap and dispersions also studied by introducing point and line
defect in that structure. Hence a comparative study has been presented among the various structures.
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