Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining has been a gold standard for diagnosing cancer in histopathology. Nonetheless, H&E staining heavily requires time, resources and is limited in two-dimensional analyses. Here, we propose three-dimensional (3D) virtual staining of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) from label-free refractive index (RI) images of histopathological slides. To achieve this, we integrated RI tomography, which provides 3D RI distribution without staining, with deep learning. By predicting brightfield (BF) images from RI images of thick colon slides, we generate virtually stained 3D H&E images. The accuracy of our approach is validated against conventional staining methods.
We successfully acquired a comprehensive three-dimensional imaging of swine Eustachian tubes using a catheter-based OCT. The OCT images clearly identified the structure and tissue components of the Eustachian tube, which was confirmed by the corresponding histological images. In addition, after the balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube, the OCT images clearly visualized the expanded luminal area of the Eustachian tube, quantitatively. The catheter-based OCT is expected to be applicable to the diagnosis and research of Eustachian tube disorder by providing real-time assessment.
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