JAXA developed the ground test model of DIAL, Differential absorption Lidar, to measure the quantities of the carbon dioxide for the calibration and the validation of the data acquired by the one instrument, TANSO-FTS, aboard on the GOSAT, Greenhouse gases observing satellite. FTS is the Fourier Transform Spectrometer. In addition to using for the calibration and the validation, this DIAL system has the purpose to take the data for the study of the space-borne DIAL. Our CO2 DIAL system adopted the 1.6 micron CW laser, incoherent detection and all fiber optical circuit. The transmitted on-line and off-line signals are coaxial and have the same field of view and the same time oscillation. And the transmitted laser is modulated doubly, intensity modulation by micro wave and phase modulation. This double modulation is adopted to detect the distance between the DIAL system and the target. JAXA is now performing the test of this DIAL to confirm the accuracy of the measurement of the carbon dioxide. This ground test model can be aboard on an airplane, therefore JAXA is planning the test using an airborne as a part of the test of the ground test model. In addition the comparison with the other CO2 DIAL systems is under consideration. Now JAXA does not have the plan to develop the space-borne LIDAR, however the space-borne LIDAR system has been under study recently, therefore JAXA intends to take the data which will be reflected in the design of the space-borne CO2 DIAL system through this test of the ground test model of DIAL.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is developing Greenhouse gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). GOSAT is the first satellite to monitor the columnar density of carbon dioxide and methane operationally from space. The GOSAT is the joint endeavor with JAXA, National Institute for Environmental Studies and Ministry of the Environment. The GOSAT will be launched with the H-IIA launch vehicle in early 2009. This paper shows the overview of GOSAT and its mission instrument, TANSO. Mission objectives, sensor and satellite design, its performance and summary of ground test results are also provided.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) monitors carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) globally from
space. It is a joint project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ministry of the Environment (MOE) and
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). GOSAT is placed in a sun-synchronous orbit of 666km and 12:48
local time, with an inclination angle of 98 deg. It was launched on January 23, 2009 from Tanegashima Space Center.
There are two instruments on GOSAT. The Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier-
Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the Short wave infrared (SWIR) reflected on the earth's surface as well
as the thermal infrared (TIR) radiated from the ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS is capable of detecting wide
spectral coverage; three narrow bands (0.76, 1.6, and 2 μm) and a wide band (5.5-14.3 μm) with 0.27 cm-1 spectral
resolution. The TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and
SWIR to correct cloud and aerosol interference. For three months after the launch, the on-orbit function and
performance have been checked out. Now level 1A (raw interferogram) and level 2B (spectra) are now being processed
and provided regularly with calibration data.
In order to validate and calibrate TANSO-FTS data of the GOSAT satellite, and also to develop the retrieval algorism
for deriving the column density of CO2 and CH4 from spectra, the airborne SWIR (Short Wave Infrared Region) FTS
(Fourier transform spectrometer) has been developed, characterized and demonstrated. This instrument is named as
TSUKUBA model. The basically performance test of TSUKUBA model was carried out in our laboratory, and the
measured modulation efficiencies are 70% (Band1), 85% (Band2) and 88% (Band3), respectively. The measured values
of SNR with the equivalent black body temperature for 30% surface albedo are 190 (13050cm-1), 148 (6200cm-1), and
165 (5000cm-1) without polarization measurement. The measured values of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of
instrumental line shape functions are 0.38cm-1, 0.26cm-1, 0.25 cm-1 of band 1, 2, and 3, respectively. This instrument is
also able to measure the scene flux with P and S polarization, simultaneously, as TANSO-FTS SWIR measures. In 2007,
the first and second flight campaigns were arranged and the sunlight reflected spectra over the earth's surface was
obtained. This instrument was mounted on high-altitude airplane with image motion compensator and damping platform,
and flied over southern Australia and Siberia. The instrumental design and the results of performance tests as well as the
flight campaign are presented.
In order to characterize the pre-launch performance of
Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation
Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) and Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) on the Green house
gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) under the environmental condition on orbit as well as in the laboratory, the Proto
Flight Model (PFM) for TANSO-FTS and CAI have been developed. TANSO-FTS has three narrow bands of 0.76, 1.6
and 2.0 micron (Band 1, 2 and 3) with +/-2.5cm maximum optical path difference, and a wide band of 5.5 - 14.3 micron
(band 4) in thermal near infrared region. TANSO-CAI is a radiometer for detection and correction of clouds and aerosol
effects which might degrade the column concentration retrieval of CO2 and CH4. It has four spectral band regions;
ultraviolet (UV), visible, near IR and SWIR.
The basic character of TANSO-FTS and CAI, such as the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the polarization sensitivity
(PS), Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV), spectral response, and also Instrumental Line Shape Function (ILSF)
have been characterized by introducing the light emitted from the black body, halogen lamp and the tunable diode laser.
In addition to these characterizations, micro vibration effect on orbit has been investigated on TANSO-FTS. There prelaunch
test results demonstrated that TANSO will provide data for high accuracy CO2 and CH4 retrieval on orbit.
KEYWORDS: Calibration, Fourier transforms, Signal to noise ratio, Sensors, Polarization, Short wave infrared radiation, Black bodies, Clouds, Satellites, Pulmonary function tests
TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) and
TANSO-CAI (Cloud and Aerosol Imager) are a space-born optical sensor system mainly oriented for observation of
greenhouse gases (GHGs). TANSO will be installed on the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite "GOSAT" and
launched in early 2009. The TANSO-FTS is a Fourier transform spectrometer which has 3 SWIR bands (0.76, 1.6 and
2.0 μm) and 1 TIR band (5.5 - 14.3 μm) for observation of scattering light and thermal radiation from the earth, mainly
focused on CO2 absorption spectra. The TANSO-CAI is an imager for detection and correction of clouds and aerosol
effects to determine GHGs quantities. The instrument characteristics of TANSO-FTS are high SNR (~300), quick
interferogram scan (1.1 ~ 4.0 s) with moderate wave-number resolution (~0.2 cm-1), and polarization measurement. Now,
integration and test of proto-flight model of TANSO have been completed. In this paper, the results of performance test
such as SNR, ILS, polarization sensitivity, etc. are described.
Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is designed to monitor the carbon dioxide (CO2) and the methane
(CH4) globally from orbit and is scheduled to be launched in 2008. Two instruments are accommodated on GOSAT.
Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the
Short wave infrared (SWIR) reflected on the earth's surface as well as the thermal infrared (TIR) radiated from the
ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS is capable of detecting wide spectral coverage, specifically, three narrow
bands (0.76, 1.6, and 2 micron) and a wide band (5.5-14.3 micron) with 0.2 cm-1 spectral resolution. As the second
sensor, TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and SWIR to
correct cloud and aerosol interference.
Since the contaminant deposition onto these optical sensors significantly affects the sensing capability, the spectroscopic
contamination control over wide spectral range is exercised from the initial phase of GOSAT development to on-orbit
operation.
This paper presents overview of GOSAT contamination control plan and test results from contamination environment
monitoring during thermal vacuum test using satellite system Structure and Thermal Model "STM". The result from
on-going contamination environment monitoring of clean room at the spacecraft test and assembly building is also
presented in launch site.
In order to validate and calibrate the GOSAT satellite data, and also to develop the retrieval algorism for deriving the
column density of CO2 and CH4 from spectra, the airborne SWIR (Short Wave Infrared Region) FTS (Fourier transform
spectrometer) has been developed and characterized. This instrument is called as TSUKUBA model. The initial
performance test of TSUKUBA model was carried out in our laboratory, and the measured modulation efficiencies are
70% (Band1), 85% (Band2) and 88% (Band3), respectively. The measured values of SNR with the equivalent black
body temperature for 30% surface albedo are 190 (13050cm-1), 148 (6200cm-1), and 165 (5000cm-1). The measured
values of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of instrumental line shape functions are 0.38cm-1, 0.26cm-1, 0.25 cm-1 for
band 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The instrumental design and the results of performance tests are presented.
KEYWORDS: Fourier transforms, Sensors, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric modeling, Stray light, Near infrared, Infrared sensors, Polarization, Black bodies, Satellites
In order to estimate and demonstrate the performance of Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) and Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI) under the environmental
condition on orbit, the Engineering Model (EM) for TANSO-FTS and CAI have been developed and demonstrated. The
TANSO-FTS has three narrow bands detectable regions; 0.76, 1.6 and 2micrion (Band1, 2 and 3) with +/⊥2.5cm
maximum optical path difference, and a wide band (5.5 − 14.3micron in thermal near infrared region. The TANSO-CAI
is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and SWIR, which has 4 spectral band regions with 1 dimensional array CCDs.
The initial performance tests have been carried out in the laboratory and the thermal vacuum chamber. The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), the polarization sensitivity (PS), Instantaneous Field Of View (IFOV) and response for FTS and CAI,
and also the Instrumental Line Shape Function (ILSF) for FTS have been characterized in this test by introducing the
light emitted from the black body, halogen lamp and the tunable diode laser. As a results of these experiments, it is
appeared that the some modification of system for manufacturing the proto flight model (PFM) is required, and now in
progressing.
In addition to these characterizations, the newly developed tests, such as the stray light measurement and micro
vibration test, are applied on TANSO-FTS to estimate the effect on orbit. These tests methods and results are presented in
this paper.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is a satellite to monitor the carbon dioxide (CO2) and the
methane (CH4) globally from orbit. GOSAT will be placed in a 666 km sun-synchronous orbit of 13:00 local time, with
an inclination angle of 98 deg. Two instruments are accommodated on GOSAT. Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for
carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the Short wave infrared (SWIR) reflected
on the earth's surface as well as the thermal infrared (TIR) radiated from the ground and the atmosphere. TANSO-FTS
is capable of detecting wide spectral coverage, specifically, three narrow bands (0.76, 1.6, and 2 micron) and a wide
band (5.5-14.3 micron) with 0.2 cm-1 spectral resolution. TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager (TANSO-CAI)
is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and SWIR to correct cloud and aerosol interference. The paper
presents the instrument design of TANSO-FTS/CAI, and test results using Bread Board Model (BBM) are presented.
The Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is a satellite to monitor the carbon dioxide (CO2) and the
methane (CH4) globally from orbit. Two instruments are accommodated on GOSAT. Thermal And Near infrared Sensor
for carbon Observation Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) detects the Short wave infrared (SWIR)
reflected on the earth's surface as well as the thermal infrared (TIR) radiated from the ground and the atmosphere.
TANSO-FTS is capable of detecting wide spectral coverage, specifically, three narrow bands (0.76, 1.6, and 2 micron)
and a wide band (5.5-14.3 micron) with 0.24 wavenumber spectral resolution. TANSO Cloud and Aerosol Imager
(TANSO-CAI) is a radiometer of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and SWIR to correct cloud and aerosol interference.
The contaminant deposition on the sensors significantly affects the sensing capability. So the spectroscopic
contamination control over wide spectral range is required from the process of GOSAT development to on-orbit
operation.
The paper presents the instrument design of TANSO-FTS and TANSO-CAI, overview of GOSAT contamination control
plan, results from spectral analysis of deposited outgas, test result of hydrazine (rocket and satellite thruster propellant)
injection to an optical surface, as well as test result from contamination environment monitoring using a vacuum
chamber and contamination witness plates.
Global warming has become a very serious issue for human beings. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3), making it mandatory for developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by six (6) to eight (8) per cent of their total emissions in 1990, and to meet this goal sometime between 2008 and 2012.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is designed to monitor the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the space. GOSAT is a joint project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). JAXA is responsible for the satellite and instrument development, MOE is involved in the instrument development, and NIES is responsible for the satellite data retrieval. The satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2008. In order to detect the CO2 variation of boundary layers, both the technique to measure the column density and the retrieval algorithm to remove cloud and aerosol contamination are investigated. Main mission sensor of the GOSAT is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with high optical throughput, spectral resolution and wide spectral coverage, and a cloud-aerosol detecting imager attached to the satellite. The paper presents the mission sensor system of the GOSAT together with the results of performance demonstration with proto-type instrument aboard an aircraft.
Global warming has become a very serious issue for human beings. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP3), making it mandatory for developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by six (6) to eight (8) per cent of their total emissions in 1990, and to meet this goal sometime between 2008 and 2012.
The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) is design to monitor the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) from orbit. GOSAT is a joint project of Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Ministry of Environment (MOE), and the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). JAXA is responsible for the satellite and instrument development, MOE is involved in the instrument development, and NIES is responsible for the satellite data retrieval. The satellite is scheduled to be launched in 2008. In order to detect the CO2 variation of boundary layers, both the technique to measure the column density and the retrieval algorithm to remove cloud and aerosol contamination are investigated. Main mission sensor of the GOSAT is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer with high optical throughput, spectral resolution and wide spectral coverage, and a cloud-aerosol detecting imager attached to the satellite. The paper presents the mission sensor system of the GOSAT together with the results of performance demonstration with proto-type instrument aboard an aircraft.
The Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) on the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) is considered to be one of the follow-on sensors of JERS-1 SAR. PALSAR is designed to achieve high radiometric performance as well as observation flexibility, in addition to the data continuity of JERS-1. It has a beam steering capability using an active phased array antenna, and a multi-polarization capability. In order to achieve high radiometric performance, the system parameters have been carefully designed, and some internal calibration procedures have been investigated. Based on the current design, PALSAR can acquire the data from 8 to 60 degrees of incidence angle. A noise equivalent backscattering coefficient is from -30 to -25 dB depending on the incidence angle. The required radiometric stability is within 1 dB over one scene. The status of development is currently the Bread Board Model (BBM) phase, and NASDA has manufactured the antenna system and tested it both electronically and mechanically. This paper describes the PALSAR system design as well as some results from BBM development.
This paper introduces outline of Japanese high-resolution earth observation satellite called ALOS, which NASDA plan to launch in 2002. Main mission objectives comprise DEM generation for GIS, environmental and hazard monitoring. NASDA have completed the investigation of users' requirements and preliminary design of hardware for the ALOS. As a result, the ALOS will equip both optical and microwave sensors to fulfill the requirements. DEM will be generated by the optical sensor with stereoscopic observation capability by 'three-line-sensor' with 2.5 m resolution. Multi-spectral information will be acquired by AVNIR-II, a multi-spectral optical sensors with 5m resolution and 4 bands. The microwave sensor, a L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which is a follow-on of the JERS-1/SAR, has capabilities of look-angle change and the ScanSAR mode.
The ALOS is a Japanese sun-synchronous earth observing satellite scheduled to be launched in 2002. ALOS carries both optical and microwave high resolution imaging sensors, i.e. the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM), the AVNIR-2, and the PALSAR, mainly for cartographic use, environmental and hazard monitoring, the earth resources investigations. PALSAR is an advanced-type follow-on SAR of the JERS-1/SAR and developed jointly by NASDA and MITI/JAROS. PALSAR is operated at an L-band frequency with parallel and cross polarization in a variety of beam selection modes providing different spatial resolutions, i.e. 8m/10m and 20m, incidence angles, and swath widths. In addition, the ScanSAR mode enables to serve a wide region up to 350 km with a low resolution ecology, hydrology, glaciology, oceanography, etc., together with the use of radar interferometry techniques for precise measurements of surface topography and its changes caused by earthquakes, volcanic activities, etc.
This paper describes an architecture for realizing the high quality production schedules. Although quality is one of the most important aspects of production scheduling, it is difficult even for a user to specify precisely. However it is also true that the decision whether a schedule is good or bad can be taken only by a user. This paper proposes the following. The quality of a schedule can be represented in the form of quality factors, i.e., constraints and objectives of the domain, and their structure. Quality factors and their structure can be used for decision making at local decision points during the scheduling process. They can be defined via iteration of user specification processes.
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