Self-referenced quantitative phase microscopy (SrQPM) is reported, wherein quantitative phase imaging is achieved
through the interference of the sample wave with a reflected version of itself. The off-axis interference between the two
beams generates a spatially modulated hologram that is analyzed to quantify the sample's amplitude and phase profile.
SrQPM requires approximately one-half of the object field of view to be empty and optically flat, which serves as a reference for the other half of the field of view containing the sample.
We propose a method based on wavefront shaping for enhancing the backscattered light detected from any location in a
sample medium, using low-coherence interferometry. The lateral phase profile of the light incident upon the sample is
controlled using a spatial light modulator (SLM). In this manner, we apply an orthogonal set of phase masks to the
illumination (input) and measure the backscattered signal response (output). These measurements permit us to determine
the linear transformation between the input complex-amplitude modulation profile and the output time-resolved signal.
Thus, we can determine the appropriate SLM write pattern for maximizing the detected signal for a given optical time
delay (in the sample arm). In this manuscript, we are interested in the degree to which maximizing this signal also
permits us to localize the three-dimensional sample region from which the backscattered signal is derived.
Multiple scattering is a significant obstacle in the optical imaging of biological samples. However, it is possible to
reverse its effects through optical phase conjugation (OPC) of the scattered field. We perform digital OPC (DOPC)
utilizing a spatial light modulator (SLM) and a Sagnac interferometer geometry. This design permits a simple and robust
DOPC implementation, which we demonstrate experimentally. We exploit the beam-shaping flexibility of the SLM to
demonstrate the possibility to enhance either the optical power transmission or the light focusing ability of the DOPC
process.
We present a technique to reduce speckle in optical coherence tomography images of soft tissues. An average is formed over a set of B-scans that have been decorrelated by viscoelastic creep strain. The necessary correction for the deformation-induced spatial distortions between B-scans is achieved through geometrical co-registration using an affine transformation. Speckle reduction by up to a factor of 1.65 is shown in images of tissue-mimicking soft fibrin phantoms and excised human lymph node tissue with no observable loss of spatial resolution.
The speckle contrast ratio in optical coherence tomography images has been shown to depend on scatterer density when the detected signal is dominated by single backscattering. Here we investigate the influence of multiple scattering on the speckle contrast ratio, and also on the parallel and perpendicular polarization channels in polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography images, including the correlation between them. Conditions under which the contrast ratio and polarization sensitive detection can be used to discriminate regions of OCT images affected by multiple scattering are discussed. The contrast ratio and the correlation between polarization channels were both found to markedly decrease as the ratio of multiple to single scattering increased. A high correlation between polarization channels, indicating that imaging is being performed in the single-scattering regime, provides greater confidence in interpreting the value of scatterer density obtained from the contrast ratio.
We describe the use of Fourier holography for recording the spatially resolved complex angular scattering spectrum from scattering samples over wide fields of view in a single or few image captures. Without resolving individual scatterers, we are able to differentiate between spherical scatterers of different sizes in solutions containing mixtures by correspondence with Mie theory.
In this paper, we describe the theory behind Fourier holographic light scattering angular spectroscopy and demonstrate its performance experimentally. Such methods represent potentially efficient alternatives to the time consuming and laborious conventional procedure of light microscopy, image tiling and inspection for the characterization of morphology over wide fields of view.
We demonstrate tomographic imaging of the refractive index of turbid media using bifocal optical coherence refractometry (BOCR). The technique, which is a variant of optical coherence tomography, is based on measurement of the optical pathlength difference between two foci simultaneously present in the medium of interest. We describe a new method to axially shift the bifocal optical pathlength, thus, avoiding the need to physically relocate the objective lens or the sample during an axial scan, and present an experimental realization based on an adaptive liquid-crystal lens. We present experimental results, which demonstrate refractive index tomography of a range of turbid liquid samples, and also in situ living tissue. BOCR has potential for in vivo refractive index tomography of biological tissue.
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