A long-wave infrared (LWIR) on-chip gas sensor based on subwavelength grating waveguide is proposed. By optimizing the grating structural parameters, the corresponding slow-light region is overlapped with the absorption spectrum of methane, which can greatly improve the light–gas interaction to achieve excellent sensing performance. The presented waveguide gas sensor is designed to operate at the wavelength of 7.70 μm, which corresponds to the methane absorption peak in the LWIR and exhibits a high slow-light enhancement factor of 7.514. The related sensitivity and limit of detection are, respectively, 26.54393 and 0.1327 ppm.
A non-volatile flexible-grid wavelength-selective switch (NVFGWSS) based on subwavelength-grating-Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST)-assisted silicon microring resonators (MRRs) is proposed. By controlling the state of the subwavelength grating GST and the phase shifter, the transmission spectra of the designed subwavelength-grating-GST-assisted silicon MRRs are combined, and thus tunable bandwidths (BWs) are generated as required. A comprehensive analysis of the presented subwavelength-grating-GST-assisted silicon MRRs and the corresponding NVFGWSS is given. Numerical simulations reveal that, for the designed module comprising a subwavelength-grating-GST-assisted silicon MMR and an ellipse-based crossing waveguide, its maximum crosstalk (CT) and insertion loss are −18.08 and 0.50 dB, respectively. For the designed NVFGWSS, as the channel spacing is 0.8 nm, the in-band ripple and CT are <0.895 and −13.006 dB, respectively, and the 3-dB BW changes from 0.51 to 3.2 nm.
We propose a novel silicon on-line monitor of orthogonal modes/polarization, which consists of a Polarization Rotator (PR) and two location-specified photodiodes. The PR converts two polarization states to TE0 and TE1 state, which has different field distributions. Two photodiodes located in the different places on the waveguide are designed to analyze the modes. The experiment reveals that the p-n junctions which are located in the different places on the waveguide show different photo responsivity of both the TE0 and TE1 modes, because the responsivity is sensitive to optical power density around the depletion area. The power consumptions of both two modes are analyzed by the two sets of orthogonal photocurrent signals acquired from two location-specified photodiodes. The result matches well with the theory. The mode/polarization detector can also be expanded when more orthogonality states and more photodiodes are induced.
We demonstrate a 32-element silicon OPA chip with on-chip phase calibration. The on-chip phase calibration structure consists of interferometric structures and germanium silicon photodetectors (GeSi PDs). This structure can control any angle deflection within the scanning range without detecting the far-field patterns. In the horizontal direction, the on-chip phase calibration structure is used to achieve beam steering within the 36° scanning range, and the side-lobe suppression ratio can be close to 7dB.
We demonstrate 32-channel dispersive optical phased arrays on a Si3N4-on-SOI integration platform. The phase difference is introduced by the arrayed waveguide. Beam steering in phased-array direction with an aliasing-free range of 22.4° and free spectrum ranges of ∼ 60 nm and ∼ 6 nm is achieved. Meanwhile, the main lobe is deflected simultaneously by 19.67° in the other direction by tuning the wavelength from 1500 nm to 1630 nm. Measurement results show that the dispersive optical phased array provides a compact, low-power and massively parallel solution for LiDAR applications.
In this paper, highly efficient TE0-TE1 and TM0-TE1 conversions are achieved on SOI chips by optimizing the edge of mode converters employing the adjoint shape optimization method. At the central wavelength of 1550 nm, the conversion efficiencies of the device reaches 99.6% for TE0-TE1 conversion and 96.0% for TM0-TE1 conversion, while the loss are only 0.016 dB and 0.17 dB, respectively. Besides, the extinction ratio reaches 31.2 dB and 29.5 dB. The bandwidth characteristics of the devices are also numerically investigated. As the wavelength varies from 1500 nm to 1600 nm, the conversion efficiency for TE0-TE1 conversion can be kept above 96.6% and the extinction ratio is kept above 15.7 dB, while the insertion loss is kept below 0.14 dB. As for TM0-TE1 conversion, the conversion efficiency is above 92.6%, the extinction ratio is over 15.6 dB and insertion loss is below 0.33 dB within the wavelength range from 1505 nm to 1585 nm. Considering the influence of fabrication process on the performance of devices, the fabrication tolerance of mode converters is investigated by adjusting the width of devices. For both converters, the conversion efficiencies can be kept above 91.9%, while the insertion loss is less than 0.34 dB as the width variation of ± 20 nm at 1550 nm. The proposed mode converters take advantages of large bandwidth, high conversion efficiencies, low insertion loss and high fabrication tolerance, paving the path to realize efficient on-chip mode conversion in a cost-effective way.
We demonstrate a hybrid solid-state beam scanner based on 32-channel silicon nitride optical switch with the assistance of transmission blazed grating. The optical switch exhibits rather low power consumption of 7.2 mW/π. Besides, end-fire antennas offer high optical efficiency with less reflection. Non-mechanical two-dimensional beam steering with range of 14.32° × 9.94° and beam divergence of <0.1° is achieved by wavelength tuning and onchip optical path switching. The proposed system eliminates complex control and time-consuming array phase calibration, providing a flexible, scalable and effective solution for all solid-state coaxial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology.
A reconfigurable optical FIR filter based on delay interference structure is proposed, which can realize band-pass and band-stop filtering. The interference structure is mainly composed of an adjustable beam splitter based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer(MZI) structure and a delay line with a phase shifter. Light can be guided to four paths that have different delays and different optical transmission spectrum can be achieved by tuning the amplitude and phase of the four paths by tuning the phase shift of the MZI and delay line. To optimize the transmission spectrum, the theoretical model of the delay interference filter is established and simulated by the transmission matrix method. The simulation results show that the extinction ratio of band-pass filter is greater than 15dB, the extinction ratio of band-stop filter is greater than 40dB, and the in-band fluctuation is lower than 1.5dB.
A dual-microring resonator replaces one of the couplers of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) to achieve a widely tunable twin-fano resonance, which originates from the interference and coupling of mode in a dual-microring resonator. The slope can be tuned in a wide range from -84.2 dB/nm to 91.0 dB/nm by metal heaters integrated on one arm of the MZI, and the resonant wavelength fixes when slope changes. The “X-type” spectrum is shown by self-alignment, which means manual alignment to form “X-type” line is unnecessary after tuning dual-microrings because the “X-type” line can be produced easily by the difference of two correlated spectrums rather than two independent spectra. Meanwhile, it shows high wavelength resolution of 1 pm with an ideal resolution of 0.4 pm in the region of the slope of 127.4 dB/nm, which can be applied to wavelength monitoring with ultra-high resolution.
Two ultra-compact silicon bandpass filters are proposed and partly experimentally presented. Both of them have wide bandwidth tunability. Based on the first filter (filter-I), the second filter (filter-II) was designed and has large Free Spectrum Range (FSR). Two filters share the same architecture (matrix architecture), consisting two groups of micro-ring resonator-cascade structures (simply called as micro-ring resonator in this letter). Using this matrix architecture, a wide bandwidth tunability from 75 to 300 GHz can be achieved in filter-I. Based on matrix architecture, double micro-ring resonator (MRR) were adopted and Vernier effect was used in design. It is showed both in simulation and experiment that the FSR of filter-II exceeded 35 nm (around 40 nm in simulation), which is much larger than the FSR of single MRR. Filter-II’s tunability of center wavelength in simulation covers most wavelength from 1530 to 1570 nm. The comparison of bandwidth tunability between filter-I and II reveals that adding paths in matrix architecture may be more effective than adopting high-order micro-ring resonators.
An integrated high-resolution ratio-metric wavelength monitor (RMWM) is demonstrated on SOI platform. The device consists of a reconfigurable demultiplexing filter based on cascaded thermally tunable microring resonators (MRRs) and Ge-Si photodetectors integrated with each drop port of the MRRs. The MRRs are supposed to achieve specific resonant wavelength spacing to form the “X-type” spectral response between adjacent channels. The ratio of the two drop power between adjacent channels varies linearly with the wavelength in the “X-type” spectral range, thus the wavelength can be monitored by investigating the drop power ratio between two pre-configured resonant channels. The functional wavelength range and monitor resolution can be adjusted flexibly by thermally tuning the resonant wavelength spacing between adjacent rings, and an ultra-high resolution of 5 pm or higher is achieved while the resonant spacing is tuned to 1.2nm. By tuning the resonant wavelength of the two MRRs synchronously, the monitor can cover the whole 9.6nm free spectral range (FSR) with only two ring channels. The power consumption is as small as 8 mW/nm. We also demonstrate the multi-channel monitor that can measure multi-wavelength-channel simultaneously and cover the whole FSR by presetting the resonant wavelengths of every MRR without any additional power consumption. The improvements to increase the resolution are also discussed.
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