Spin-coated perovskite solar cells (PSC) have demonstrated an exceptional increase in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) on small-area devices. Scaling-up this technology requires developing a scalable solution processing techniques like digital inkjet printing that additionally offers maskless free-form depositing. Here, we demonstrate a processing route for an inkjet-printed (IJP) triple cation PSC, which can surpass the 20% PCE limit by optimizing a vacuum crystallization technique that enables absorber layers thicker than 1 micron with a grain boundary-free columnar crystal structure. Further, we replace the vacuum-deposited charge-transport layers with IJP pendants to achieve a PSC layer stack consisting of only IJP functional layers.
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductors represent a promising class of materials for direct conversion X-ray detectors. Due to their processability at low temperatures, perovskite thin films offer the ease of scalable solution-based processing on mechanically flexible substrates, enabling novel device concepts such as lightweight, robust, curved, and folded detectors. In this study, we use digital inkjet printing to realize triple cation perovskite X-ray detectors on mechanically flexible substrates and evaluate the detector performance by the X-ray sensitivity, the dark current, and the X-ray stability. Our results prove the concept of mechanically flexible inkjet-printed triple cation perovskite X-ray detectors for the realization of novel detector designs.
With demonstrated power conversion efficiencies close to 23%, perovskite-based photovoltaics is already able to compete with established technologies like silicon, CdTe and CIGS. However, next to high efficiencies, the potential low-cost fabrication of devices with sufficient stability under real-world conditions is of key importance for the future economic prospects of the perovskite technology.
In this contribution, we report on a novel inexpensive architecture for efficient and highly reproducible, all-evaporated perovskite solar cells. Our evaporated CH3NH3PbI3 absorber is sandwiched between nickel oxide as hole transport material and C60 as electron transport material. By replacing the highly expensive hole transport layer Spiro-MeOTAD by electron-beam deposited nickel oxide and the gold back electrode by copper, we reduce the cost of materials on the lab-scale to one third of the price of the common stack based on Spiro-MeOTAD. At the same time, extraordinary stable devices even at operating temperatures of 80°C are achieved. Stabilized power conversion efficiencies under standard test conditions exceed values of 14%. Moreover, the vacuum deposition combines the ease of controlled deposition and a simple upscaling, making it a favorable process for industry. A homogenous and reproducible deposition on substrates with an area of up to 8x8 cm² is demonstrated by light beam induced current mapping, which is a fundamental requirement for the fabrication of larger prototype modules. Finally, as an inverted architecture with the anode deposited on top of the substrate the investigated layer stack is a promising candidate for two-terminal tandem devices on top of CIGS or p-type silicon.
We show inkjet printed state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells with efficiencies of up to 12% which is an important step towards fully printed large scale production of photovoltaic perovskite devices. In comparison, the spin-coated reference achieves 13% efficiency. In both cases, the solar cell absorbers are prepared using a one-step process on a TiO2 compact layer without mesoporous intermediate layer as electron transport material and spiroMeOTAD as hole transport material.
Moreover, we show that controlling printing parameters, like drop spacing and size, is essential to optimizing the final perovskite performance. Whereas parameters were initially controlled to be consistent with a final layer thicknesses known from literature, subsequent processes were aimed at also controlling crystallinity and roughness. To demonstrate the homogeneity of the printed devices, light beam induced current measurements (LBIC) were made. To evaluate the quality of the perovskite layer and the charge transfer efficiency in the device, time resolved photoluminescence measurements were conducted on the perovskite with and without electrical transport layers. Light soaking effects were also investigated and evaluated.
Important differences between printed and spin-coated devices will be outlined, as well as other relevant parameters to optimize printed device performance.
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