In computer-generated holograms (CGHs), various methods to generate holograms of actual objects have been proposed. One method uses the 3D information of actual objects obtained by one range sensor to generate a hologram. However, this method is unable to express occlusion because the 3D information is measured from only one viewpoint. Therefor, re-capturing 3D information is necessary to make CGHs from another viewpoint in this method. To overcome these problems, we have proposed a method that generates models of actual objects in a computer using two or more range sensors. In this method, CGHs are calculated by using multi-view images (MVIs) rendered from object models, which enables the occlusion to be expressed correctly. However, determination brightness values is unable to be performed on the whole object model because the luminance images are insufficient. This makes it difficult to generate CGHs from arbitrary viewpoints at one time. In this paper, we propose a method using additional digital cameras with range sensors to generate CGHs of actual objects from arbitrary viewpoints. This method determines the brightness values of the whole model using pictures taken by the additional cameras. The proposed method is advantageous in that re-capturing 3D information is unnecessary when CGHs are generated from another viewpoint. This method calculates CGHs with MVIs rendered from the model having brightness values. Results of computer simulations and optical reconstruction showed that it was possible to generate CGHs of actual objects with occlusion from arbitrary viewpoints.
Although various 3-D head mounted displays (HMDs) using stereograms have been implemented, extended usage of those systems cause discomfort, fatigue and tiredness because stereogram do not satisfy all 3-D visual cues: accommodation, vergence, and parallax. On the other hand, electro-holography enables observers to view natural 3-D images with minimal discomfort due to satisfying these necessary cues. This time, we fabricated a small sized full-color holographic display system with a type of binocular eyepiece for the base of the wearable system. In this paper, we describe the structure of our system and the proposed calibration method for the arrangement of the optical parts. This calibration plays an important role in the accuracy of the reconstructed images. The main optical parts are combined to a single component to keep the exact arrangement, so this system is semi-portable and can be used everywhere with only a little adjustment. The system has the slide structure between left and right view point like binoculars to eliminate the influence of individual interpupillary distances (PDs). The field sequential color method enables the system to reconstruct full-color images by this display system. The light source is a full-color LED covered with a sharpened fiber and the tip of the fiber works as an almost ideal point light source. The results of the subjective experiments show that reconstructed full-color images are statistically located at the correct depths and satisfy correct accommodation and vergence without the influence of individual PDs.
Holography is one of the three-dimensional technology. Light waves from an object are recorded and reconstructed by using a hologram. Computer generated holograms (CGHs), which are made by simulating light propagation using a computer, are able to represent virtual object. However, an enormous amount of computation time is required to make CGHs. There are two primary methods of calculating CGHs: the polygon-based method and the point-based method. In the polygon-based method with Fourier transforms, CGHs are calculated using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The calculation of complex objects composed of multiple polygons requires as many FFTs, so unfortunately the calculation time become enormous. In contrast, in the point-based method, it is easy to express complex objects, an enormous calculation time is still required. Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been used to speed up the calculations of point-based method. Because a GPU is specialized for parallel computation and CGH calculation can be calculated independently for each pixel. However, expressing a planar object by the point-based method requires a signi cant increase in the density of points and consequently in the number of point light sources. In this paper, we propose a fast calculation algorithm to express planar objects by the point-based method with a GPU. The proposed method accelerate calculation by obtaining the distance between a pixel and the point light source from the adjacent point light source by a difference method. Under certain speci ed conditions, the difference between adjacent object points becomes constant, so the distance is obtained by only an additions. Experimental results showed that the proposed method is more effective than the polygon-based method with FFT when the number of polygons composing an objects are high.
In CGH, peculiar rendering techniques are necessary to express realistic 3D images because CGHs have parallax.
We have proposed the calculation method with the ray tracing method that expresses the hidden surface removal,
shading and so on. However, resolutions of current output devices are not high enough to display CGH, so the
size of reconstructed images is restricted and viewing zone and visual field are very narrow. To enlarge the size
of reconstructed images, the Fourier transform optical system is used. Then we introduce the technique to apply
calculation method of CGH with ray tracing method to the Fourier transform optical system in this paper. The
Fourier transform optical system reverses the depth of images and reconstructs pseudo stereoscopic 3D images
in front of a hologram. We solved this problem by reconstructing images at the back of hologram plane and
observing conjugate images. Moreover, we conducted elimination of unnecessary light including 0-th order light.
We conducted optical reconstructions that show proposed method is able to make realistic CGHs implementing
the hidden surface removal in the Fourier transform optical system.
In Computer Generated Hologram (CGH), the hidden surface removal is needed to display 3D objects. Some
methods of the hidden surface removal for a CGH have been proposed. However, these methods are unsuitable to
make realistic images that have the complicated reflection, refraction and shadowing. We propose a calculation
method of CGH using the ray tracing method. In the ray tracing method, complicated descriptions are expressed
with a simple algorithm. The ray tracing method is avoided ever in CGH having a very high resolution because
of enormous calculation cost. In order to speed up, we attained improvement of the calculation time using a
graphics processing unit (GPU). The ray tracing from one viewpoint is unable to express full parallax CGHs. In
this study, a hologram plane is divided into elementary holograms, and the center of each elementary hologram
is made the starting point of the ray. Then, sets of point light every elementary hologram are constructed by
the ray tracing method. As a result of optical reconstruction, it was confirmed that hidden surface removal was
conducted when plural objects were in one scene. Moreover the texture of material and shadows by a front object
were expressed.
Computer generated hologram (CGH) can reconstruct 3-D objects as perfectly well as can optical holography.
However, the reality of the reconstructed objects is lower than that of optical holography.
This problem is caused by a lack of rendering techniques for CGH.
To improve the reality of objects reconstructed by CGH, we have studied rendering techniques in computer graphics such as reflectance distributions for CGH.
Reflectance distributions represent a material of an object surface, and objects with various reflectance distributions are reconstructed by using the previous work.
In this paper, we improved on the previous work by using polygon models and shading techniques for CGH.
The shading technique is also established in computer graphics, and it can render objects having a smooth luminance without using many polygons.
A polygon model made up of many polygons is rendered the same as a polygon model made up of few polygons by using shading technique.
However, the calculation time of CGH increases with the number of polygon, so it is necessary for CGH to reconstruct objects of high reality from polygon models made up of few polygons.
Taking into account the shading technique, polygon models with few planer patches are reconstructed with smooth luminance.
We carried out computational and optical reconstructions as experiments.
We report the results of these experiments and show the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Computer Generated Hologram (CGH) is generated by computer simulation using the diffraction theory.
However, the development of a rendering technology to display images beautifully like in the field of Computer Graphics is scarce.
The research for reflectance distribution is particularly so few, that the texture of each material cannot be expressed.
Therefore we propose a calculation method for calculating reflectance distribution for CGH that uses the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
In this method, reflected light from an uneven surface made in the computer is analyzed by FDTD simulation, and a reflected light distribution is applied to CGH as object light.
To make the outer structure identical to the real objects, the outer structure of the real objects was measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM).
By using the measurement data, peculiar reflectance distributions of the materials are given for CGH.
It was confirmed that the variation of the surface roughness of the measured sample affected the three-dimensional images in optical reconstruction.
Moreover, we report the relation between the surface roughness of samples and the reflectance distribution.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.