The article is devoted to the problems of modern communications, namely – to custom experimental fibers that be used in future communication systems. We consider a non-standard optical fiber which, due to its structure, offers an advantage in multi-channel transmission via different modes. This fiber has a hollow-core structure which means that traditional light coupling methods can be not efficient. In the experimental part, the conductivity of the fiber tested by finding a solution to improve the radiation coupling into the fiber. The conclusion presents the final with the experimental results and summarizes the topic of the paper.
Vortex beams, characterized by a spiral phase distribution and bearing orbital angular momentum, have unique properties that make them valuable for the research and practical applications. Such beams are used in optical communications, optical manipulation, including tweezers, super-diffraction limit imaging, mode-division multiplexing, and quantum coding. This work investigates the dependence of the radiation flux density of an emitted optical vortex beam depending on the emitting structure geometry. A micro-ring resonator with etched holes is used as a vortex beam emitter. In our study, optimizing the width of the ring waveguide leads up to 30% for the resonant wavelength 1563 nm increase in the power flow density. In order to analyze how the whispering gallery modes are distributed in the cross-section of the ring waveguide, we enlarged the width of the ring waveguide from 400 nm to 500 nm. This approach can be applied to radiating micro-ring resonators in various applications.
In this article we present the results of an experimental study of a periodically poled lithium niobite (PPLN) crystal designed to generate sub-terahertz radiation based on the process of difference frequency generation using two optical carriers of close frequencies. This crystal was specially designed for this frequency range. The resulting generation efficiency turned out to be relatively low, however, here we present the proof of concept.
In this paper we present a brief analysis of existing materials and structures with quadratic-nonlinear optical properties that can be used to generate a difference frequency in both THz and sub-THz frequency ranges. This task is actual for future hybrid radio-over-fiber systems exploiting ultra high frequencies (6G etc.). It is shown that such a device may be of interest regarding the problems of generating (preparation) quantum-entangled states of photons, which can find application in high-performance computing and information systems. It is shown that the proposed concept of nonlinear optical-to-radio converter can be applied for entangled photons preparation as well.
In this article the principle of instrumental (experimental) determination of the parameters of mode compositions of an optical signal propagating along an optical fiber is described. The measurement scheme is based on the use of a wellknown experimental setup designed to obtain the profile of the refractive index of an optical fiber. In addition to that setup, it is proposed to perform measurements for different angular positions of the investigated optical fiber, and for its different longitudinal positions. The proposed method is realizable in the case when the signal propagating through the optical fiber is characterized by increased intensity, which makes it possible to measure a nonlinear (Kerr) caused addition to the refractive index. It is proposed to calculate the desired mode weight coefficients by the method of probabilistic selection according to the developed method.
Twisted fibers provide interesting properties in terms of mode coupling relevant for optical multichannel systems. In this regard, the article provides an overview of the use of space division multiplexing (SDM) technology in radio over fiber data transmission systems in future high-speed scalable 6G wireless networks. The features of using the SDM technology in the radio access network are analyzed. The application of new specialized few-mode fibers in 6G networks for useful information transmission is proposed. The results of experimental and simulation studies of custom twisted (chiral) optical fibers designed for vortex mode generation/maintenance are also presented, which can be used as a basis for hybrid modulation development, using both temporal and spatial properties of the signal.
In this paper, we present the performance analysis of the uplink channel based on the Radio-over-Fiber technology for fullduplex radio access networks. The uplink channel test bench utilizes the and layout, as well as the course of the experiment are shown. The results of monitoring the power of the signal when it passes through the segment of the Radio-over-Fiber network are presented. In the final section, we calculate the signal power at the radio remote unit for any commercial broadband access network and compare it with the bench measurements. As a result, the calculated signal level was almost 20 dB lower than the measured signal at the output of the uplink channel test setup.
In this paper the chiral fiber Bragg gratings (ChFBG) for generation of fiber modes carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM, vortex modes) are considered. Within the framework of the article, a generalized mathematical model of ChFBG is presented including an arbitrary function of apodization and chirping, which makes it possible to calculate gratings that form vortex modes of a given order for the required frequency range with the required reflection coefficient. In addition, a matrix method based on the mathematical apparatus of the coupled modes theory for describing ChFBG is proposed, simulation of the considered fiber structures is carried out.
The article provides an overview of the use of space division multiplexing (SDM) technology in radio-over-fiber (RoF) data transmission systems in future high-speed scalable 6G wireless networks. The features of using the SDM technology in the radio access network are analyzed. The application of new specialized few-mode fibers in 6G networks for the useful information transmission is proposed. The results of experimental studies of custom optical fibers designed for vortex mode generation are also presented.
In this article the principle of instrumental (experimental) determination of the parameters of mode compositions of an optical signal propagating along an optical fiber is described. The measurement scheme is based on the use of a wellknown experimental setup designed to obtain the profile of the refractive index of an optical fiber. In addition to that setup, it is proposed to perform measurements for different angular positions of the investigated optical fiber, and for its different longitudinal positions. The proposed method is realizable in the case when the signal propagating through the optical fiber is characterized by increased intensity, which makes it possible to measure a nonlinear (Kerr) caused addition to the refractive index. It is proposed to calculate the desired mode weight coefficients by the method of probabilistic selection according to the developed method.
In this paper, an alternative fiber-optic method for forming vortex modes based on a chiral (twisted) microstructured fiber is proposed. This fiber can be considered as a ring-core fiber with ring core formed by capillaries. Besides, optical fibers design for transmitting optical vortexes over long distances. i.e. a vortex-maintaining fiber is also proposed. This fiber is a multimode fiber with an extremely large core. A comparison of the different types of vortex generation and vortex-maintaining fibers is also given. Both proposed fibers can be used in Radio over Fiber systems applying vortex beams.
KEYWORDS: Signal generators, Radio optics, Radio over Fiber, Antennas, Modulation, Telecommunications, Fiber optics, Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, Prototyping, Channel projecting optics
This paper describes the operation of the prototype of the Radio-over-Fiber telecommunication system with the generation of OAM signals in the W-band. A method for generation both a radio and an optical OAM signal in RoF is proposed, a method for useful information transmission using OFDM technology in the considered system is described, an approach to converting optical vortexes into the radio domain is proposed, and a feedback channel simulation in RoF systems using OAM signals is carried out.
In this article the propagation of soliton-like vortexes in the optical segment of Radio-over-Fiber system is considered. The approach is based on solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NSE) for Kerr-type nonlinear medium. A numerical NSE solution for vortex solitons was obtained; simulation of the soliton-like vortexes propagation over an optical fiber was performed. Moreover, a phase-amplitude filter forming optical signals with a set orbital angular momentum state and polarization conserving during propagation through an optical fiber was simulated. The calculation of amplitude-phase filter was conducted based on spinor representation of Maxwell’s equations.
In this paper a new approach to the analysis of wave processes in non-linear Kerr-type media is introduced. The approach is based on the Dirac-type spinor nonlinear wave equation, which is a consequence of the Maxwell equations. The advantage of the approach is the possibility of detailed analyzing the phenomena associated with the information transfer using vortexes based on unitary transformations.
In this paper we consider nonlinear impairments of mode division multiplexed signals with QAM modulation in optical fibers with linear mode coupling of spatial modes. We simulate simultaneous propagation of fundamental mode and two first-order vortex modes in standard single mode fiber at 850 nm and propagation of fundamental mode and first- and second-order vortices in step-index fiber with enlarged core at 1550 nm. Simulation results shows that in strong coupling regime linear coupling lead to sufficient increasing of nonlinear impairments, but QAM-modulated signal is more robust to this effect than OOK modulated signal.
In this paper we introduce a novel approach for analysis of the information transmission process in mode-divisionmultiplexed (MDM) optical fiber communications. This approach is based on the representation of Maxwell’s equations in the form of quantum-mechanical Schrödinger and Dirac equations. This representation allows application of the welldeveloped quantum electrodynamics formalism for the case of classical EM fields and reveals key properties of the optical fiber mode distribution in MDM systems following from the total angular momentum conservation law. We demonstrate the need of using coupled mode compositions instead of separate eigenmodes for realization of MDM communications based on angular momentum transfer. Such coupled modal compositions obey the law of total angular momentum conservation within spatial transformation and allow information transmission. Spinor propagation equation of EM fields carrying angular orbital momentum in dispersive media is also given.
In this paper we introduce a novel approach for analysis of the information transmission process in mode-divisionmultiplexed (MDM) optical fiber communications. This approach is based on the representation of Maxwell’s equations in the form of quantum-mechanical Schrödinger and Dirac equations. This representation allows application of the well-developed quantum electrodynamics formalism for the case of classical EM fields and reveals key properties of the optical fiber mode distribution in MDM systems following from the total angular momentum conservation law. We demonstrate the need of using coupled mode compositions instead of separate eigenmodes for realization of MDM communications based on angular momentum transfer. Such coupled modal compositions obey the law of total angular momentum conservation within spatial transformation and allow information transmission.
In this paper we introduce a novel approach for analysis of the information transmission process in mode-division-multiplexed
(MDM) optical fiber communications. This approach is based on the representation of Maxwell’s equations
in the form of quantum-mechanical Schrödinger and Dirac equations. This representation allows application of the well-developed
quantum electrodynamics formalism for the case of classical EM fields and reveals key properties of the
optical fiber mode distribution in MDM systems following from the total angular momentum conservation law. We
demonstrate the need of using coupled mode compositions instead of separate eigenmodes for realization of MDM
communications based on angular momentum transfer. Such coupled modal compositions obey the law of total angular
momentum conservation within spatial transformation and allow information transmission.
We considered interaction of PMD and Kerr-nonlinearities in the two-channel WDM system to derive conditions of signal improvement due to such interaction. We presented statistics of eye-diagram opening and investigated properties of fiber links providing this kind of signal improvement.
Transmission of optical beams with phase front vorticity through relevant distances in optical fibers poses a problem of time-dependent intermodal interference with random complex coefficients. In this paper we propose a method for compensation of interference between LP-modes, propagating through the optical fiber. To implement optical-domain modal filtering, reconfigurable diffractive optical element matched with particular modes is considered. Such an element may be encoded as phase-only hologram by means of SLM. With this approach modes can be separated spatially in the compensating diffractive element far field and handled independently with corresponding complex coefficients. Efficiency of the proposed method is confirmed by computer simulation results.
This paper presents results of investigation on interaction of PMD and Kerr-nonlinearities in long-haul fiber links. It is shown that PMD may significantly reduce impairments caused by nonlinear effects. There are shown dependences on the input polarization, peak pulse power, PMD coefficient and used line codes.
This article is proposed to develop a method of the synthesis of the prediction filter based on the multidimensional linear extrapolation to improve the accuracy of the pixel value prediction, as well as to assess the effectiveness of the proposed predictive filters depending on the prediction step and the dimension of training vectors to minimize the prediction error and the entropy of the differential signal. The article contain a solution of the special cases for a number of elements of the vector prediction, statistical dependence of the vector dimension and prediction filter order from the mean square error and the entropy of the differential signal are determined. Optimal prediction step is founded based on the experimental data and all the results are being analyzed.
This paper presents results of investigation on cross-phase modulation effect and influence of polarization effects on it. It
is shown that fast polarization scrambling can effectively reduce impairments caused by cross-phase modulation in the
case of NRZ signal.
Retrospective space images processing information technology is presented in the report. The purpose of the technology
is land use type change dynamics detection. The technology is based on land use types identification according to the
results of initial multispectral image spectral channel conglomeration automatic classification (vegetative index).
This paper presents results of numerically solved model of fiber link including Kerr-nonlinearities,
dispersive effects and polarization-mode dispersion. Different types of Gaussian pulses are modeled
at step-index and non-zero dispersion shifted fibers.
Optical multilayer selective mirror (OMSM) are widely used in different applications of fiber optic telecommunications.
In this paper we represent the solution for synthesis of OMSM for constructing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical filter used in add/drop multiplexers.
Receiving of remote sensed data's signals in urban space information reception centers is usually difficult, because of
complex electromagnetic situation in cities and insufficient EMC. Traditional methods for digital reconstruction of
images use smoothing and autoregressive forecasting. In this case anomalous spikes on the image are lost. Alternative
method based on Kolmogorov-Wiener's filters and fractal properties of satellite images is proposed in this article.
Offered method allows to predict pixel values of satellite images with normalized RMS error of the order of 20-30%.
There is comparative analysis of methods for estimation and definition of Hoerst index (index of self-similarity) and
comparative analysis of wavelet types using for image decomposition are offered. Five types of compared wavelets are
used for analysis: Haar wavelets, Daubechies wavelets, Discrete Meyer wavelets, symplets and coiflets. Best quality of
restored image Meyer and Haar wavelets demonstrate, because of they are characterised by minimal errors of
recomposition. But compression index for these types smaller, than for Daubechies wavelets, symplets and coiflets.
Contrariwise the latter obtain less precision of decompression.
As it is necessary to take into consideration the complexity of realization some wavelet transformation on digital signal
processors (DSP), simplest method is Haar wavelet transformation.
We present a solution of the synthesis for reflective optical filters designed for WDM-systems. Filter is based on multilayer dielectric structures with apodized (modulated) refractive index profile. The method of synthesis provides calculation of the uniform quarter-wave filter-prototype. The calculation of the prototype is executed with relation, which join given spectrum characteristics with constructive parameters of the filter. On the base of calculated filterprototype
the filter with bilateral Gaussian apodization of a refractive index profile, possessing given spectral properties is formed.
Fractal approach to mathematical modelling of signals in space optical observation systems is proposed. The scannings of two-dimensional images as one-dimensional stochastic fractal processes are built on the base of Brownian motion. Integrals over trajectories of Wiener processes with different kernels are used for modeling of one-dimensional stochastic fractals and multifractals. Modelling of scannings of remotely sensed data based on formalism of integrals over Wiener stochastic process trajectories and modelling of probabilistic characteristics based on formalism of Feynman continual integrals are performed. Algorithms of multiscale detection of signals on the basis of discrete and continuous wavelet transforms are developed and applied for anomaly detection and estimation.
There is methodology of multiscale compression for satellite images in article. This methodology based on system integration multiscale signal's analisys concepts. This system use quasicontinuous scannigs of Peano-Hilbert, discrete wavelet transforms and fractal sets.
The information technology of remotely sensed image analysis is based on system integration of two main concepts:
diffractive optical elements (DOEs) aided multispectral preprocessing and multiscale analysis. Proposed technology
allows to: decrease the threshold of hidden signal detection; detect the signals with unknown form; improve the
performance of subpixel signal detection and estimation in case of limited resolution of sensors. Data preprocessing
method for anomaly detection on the base of DOE technology is developed. DOE-based technology is implemented and
tested. Nonparametric statistic methods for signal detection and estimation are proposed. Multiresolution image analysis
methods are applied for anomaly detection and estimation.
A methodological approach to multiscale selection and detection of signals in optical observation systems is proposed.
The approach is based on system integration of four conceptions: fractal sets, recursive scanning, continuous wavelet
transforms (WT), discrete wavelet transforms. The approach allows improving the performance of anomalous signal
detection in tangled background situation.
The images analysis method for detecting anomaly and its boundary, based on nonparametric criterion for detection of
change point of random fields and postanalysis of statistics, is proposed. The objects to be detected on the images of
earth's surface or ocean in a possible mathematical model are represented as relatively large homogeneous adjacent
subareas (stochastic textures) with rather smooth boundaries. Properties of nonparametric statistical methods for
identification of structural anomaly boundaries on optical images in multivariate change point problem are investigated.
Proposed information technology for remotely sensed data processing is based on anomaly detection methods and
algorithms, which are invariant to signal and background scale and structure, is advancement of existing approaches. The
information technology combines the following conceptions and approaches: satellite images fractal self-similarity;
multiresolution analysis of functional spaces on the base of wavelet transform (WT); using recursive fractal scanning for
reduction of multidimensional spaces into one-dimensional segment; using nonparametric statistics for signal detection
in noisy background. Proposed technology allows to: decrease the threshold of hidden signal detection by several times;
detect the signals with unknown form; solve the problems connected to incomplete knowledge of signal, nonstationary,
non-markovian and singular noises; improve the performance of subpixel signal detection and estimation in case of limited
spatial and temporal resolutions of sensors. The investigation of Hausdorf dimension and index of Hoerst statistic is
performed. Solution of the following problems is planned as extension of this research: conjugation between WT and
recursive scannings for obtaining the powerful signal analysis mathematics, development of S/N ratio increase methods
on the base of statistical image segmentation using nonparametric statistics; improvement of accuracy of subpixel signal
estimation on the base of using the fractal properties of images.
KEYWORDS: Stochastic processes, Signal detection, Mathematical modeling, Information technology, Flame detectors, Data modeling, Chemical elements, Sun, Remote sensing, Estimation theory
The paper discusses the experience of creating a geoinformation technology for the use of AVHRR data with spatial resolution of 1.1 km for detection and evaluation of characteristics for fires the linear dimensions of which are by several orders lower than a pixel of image. The technology is based on the effective algorithm of detecting small area brightness anomalies which in some statistical sense differ from the surrounding background. The process of making a decision on the presence or absence of a signal is based on the methods of the statistical estimation theory. The Neumann- Pirson criterion is used as the initial detection principle which provides the detection with the constant frequency of false alarm. The evaluation of the area of the fire zone is carried out on the basis of complex interpretation of mathematical modeling results for the field of the image brightness, optimal evaluation of the signal amplitude and geodata. The developed information technology allows to detect fire zones the area of which is 10-4 of the area of image pixel.
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