The measurement of human skin temperature provides vital physiological information about human health status. In this paper, an application of digital holography has been demonstrated to measure human hand skin temperature. A volume phase holographic grating based digital holographic interferometric system has been used in a lens-less Fourier transform configuration to measure the temperature of human hand skin. The presented system is non-contact, non-invasive, fast, compact, robust, requires lesser number of optical components, simple to align, and is easy to use.
KEYWORDS: Temperature metrology, Digital holography, Holographic interferometry, Diffusion, Holography, Volume holography, Signal to noise ratio, Interferometry, Holographic interferometers, Speckle
Optical measurement techniques are of immense importance for research in engineering, industrial production and biomedical applications. In this paper, an experimental study to measure temperature, temperature distribution, and temperature fluctuations in diffusion flames has been conducted using a volume phase holographic grating (VPHG) based digital holographic interferometric (DHI) system. VPHG made on Dichromated gelatin provides high diffraction efficiency and minimizes stray light and coherent speckle noise. The results obtained from VPHG based DHI system show a good agreement with temperature measured by thermocouple. The proposed system is compact, robust, requires lesser number of optical components, simple to align and easy to implementation.
Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is demonstrated to study the influence of gradient magnetic fields (i.e., upward decreasing and upward increasing) and uniform magnetic field on the temperature and temperature profile of a wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Sheared interferograms in the absence and presence of microflame are captured using CCD camera. Fourier fringe analysis method is used to extract the phase-gradient information of ambient air without flame and heated air of microflame separately. The phase difference map of microflame and ambient air is used for the extraction of refractive index difference and temperature distribution inside the microflame. The experimental investigations reveal that temperature and temperature stability of the microflame increase in the upward decreasing and uniform magnetic field, while the temperature and temperature stability inside the microflame decrease in upward increasing magnetic field in comparison to temperature inside the microflame in the absence of magnetic field. Increment in the temperature of the microflame in uniform magnetic field is contrary to macro diffusion flame, where there is a negligible influence on the temperature in uniform magnetic field. Holo-shear lens-based interferometer is simple, lightweight, easy to implement, less vibration-sensitive, and can cover microflame to macroflame under investigation.
In this paper, holo-shear lens based interferometer is experimentally demonstrated for the measurement of temperature distribution, and temperature fluctuations inside the wick stabilized micro diffusion flame created from the candle. Holoshear lens based interferometer is a common path interferometer, which is simple, compact, light weight and less vibration sensitive to environmental perturbation. Also, holo-shear lens based interferometer is capable of measuring the temperature profile of a micro sized flame to macro sized flame.
This paper presents the visual and quantitative investigations on the heat flow performance from plate fin heat sinks using digital holographic interferometry (DHI). In the experiment, double exposure DHI is used to calculate the temperature distribution surrounding the heat sink. First, a digital hologram of ambient air surrounding heat sink is recorded; when no power is applied across the load resistor connected to the bottom of the heat sink. After that, a series of holograms of hot air surrounding the heat sinks are recorded at a constant time interval. The phase difference maps between the heated air and ambient air at different time interval around the heat sink are calculated by numerical method. Visual inspection of reconstructed phase difference maps of air field surrounding the heat sink at a different time provide the qualitative information of temperature variation trend of air field surrounding the heat sink during the heat dissipation process. Quantitative information of temperature distribution surrounding the heat sink is obtained from the relationship between the digitally reconstructed phase difference map of ambient air and heated air. The effect of the number of channels/fin spacing on the heat flow performance of heat sink with equal width and length is also investigated. Experimental data is used to calculate the heat transfer parameters such as local heat flux and convective heat transfer coefficients.
Micro-flame is a flame having the size of several millimeter (approx. 2-3 mm). Micro flames are used in micro devices such as microsatellite and micro aerial vehicles etc. An understanding of combustion characteristics of micro flame is required for design a burner or combustion system to create micro flame. In this paper, digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is used for the measurement of temperature, temperature profile and temperature fluctuations of a wick stabilized micro diffusion candle flame. By measuring the change in temperature/ temperature fluctuations and radical concentration, we can also measure the quenching in micro flame.
Red blood cell (RBC) anomalies are significant symptoms for identification of health disorders and several blood diseases, which involve the modification of the parameters and biophysical characteristics of such cells. The aim of this study is to measure the three-dimensional phase information of healthy RBCs and their parameters, such as cell diameter, thickness, and hemoglobin (Hb) content, using Talbot-projected fringes. The Talbot image of linear grating is projected onto an RBC slide. The deformed grating lines due to the shape and refractive index of RBCs are recorded by a CCD camera through a 20× microscope objective. Hilbert transform is used to extract the phase image from the deformed projected grating lines. Experimentally calculated values of diameter (8.2 μm), thickness (2.7 μm), and Hb content (28.7 pg/cell) are well within the limits available in the literature. The proposed system is robust and user-friendly and performs the imaging of RBCs with high axial and lateral resolution (2.19 μm).
This paper presents the amplitude and phase imaging of onion epidermis cell using the self-imaging capabilities of a grating (Talbot effect) in visible light region. In proposed method, the Fresnel diffraction pattern from the first grating and object is recorded at self-image plane. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used for extracting the 3D amplitude and phase image of onion epidermis cell. The stability of the proposed system, from environmental perturbation as well as its compactness and portability give the proposed system a high potential for several clinical applications.
In this paper, digital holographic interferometric microscope (DHIM) in conjunction with Fresnel reconstruction method is demonstrated for phase contrast imaging of red blood cells (RBCs). The advantage of using the DHIM is that the distortions due to aberrations in the optical system are avoided by the interferometric comparison of reconstructed phase with and without the object.
The effect of upward decreasing, uniform, and upward increasing magnetic fields on the temperature and temperature profile of a wick stabilized micro diffusion flame is investigated experimentally by using digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). DSPI fringe patterns have inherent speckle noise which leads to inaccuracies in the measurements. To extract data more accurately, the high frequency speckle noise in a DSPI fringe pattern is reduced by using the combination of median filter and Symlet wavelet filter. The optical phase is extracted from the filtered DSPI fringe pattern by using Hilbert transform. The obtained phase is used to calculate the refractive index and temperature distribution in a microflame created by a candle. Temperature in the micro diffusion flame was determined experimentally both in the absence and in the presence of upward decreasing, uniform, and upward increasing magnetic fields. The experimental results reveal that temperature is increased under the effect of uniform and upward decreasing magnetic fields in comparison to the temperature of the microflame without a magnetic field. This is in contrast to the normal diffusion flame, where under a uniform magnetic field, there was no effect on temperature. In the case of an upward increasing magnetic field, the temperature of the microflame decreased.
In this paper, digital holographic interferometric method is proposed for the measurement of diffusion coefficient of alcohol in distilled water. The diffusion coefficient is measured directly from the phase difference of the interferograms. In addition to this the alcohol-water diffusion process is characterized by dimensionless parameters such as Schmidt number, Prandtl number, Lewis number and Reynolds number.
In this paper, digital holographic interferometry (DHI) is implemented to investigate the effect of upward decreasing gradient magnetic field on the temperature and temperature profile of diffusion flame created by butane torch burner. In the experiment double exposure digital holographic interferometry is used to calculate the temperature distribution inside the flame. First a digital hologram is recorded in the absence of flame and second hologram is recorded in the presence of flame. Phases in two different states of air (i.e. in absence of flame and presence of flame) are reconstructed individually by numerical method. The phase difference map is obtained by subtracting the reconstructed phase of air in presence and absence of flame. Refractive index inside the flame is obtained from the axi-symmetric phase difference data using the Abel inversion integral. Temperature distribution inside the flame is calculated from the refractive index data using Lorentz - Lorentz equation. Experiment is conducted on a diffusion flame created by butane torch burner in the absence of magnetic field and in presence of upward decreasing gradient magnetic field. Experimental investigations reveal that the maximum temperature inside the flame increases under the influence of upward decreasing magnetic field.
Holo-shear lens made on dichromated gelatin (DCG) is used as a lateral shear interferometer for measurement of temperature and temperature profile of an axi-symmetric gaseous flame. By using a Fourier fringe analysis technique, high-frequency speckle noise can be filtered out and disturbances of a nonspectral component may also be compensated for. The method is simple and easy to implement.
Digital speckle pattern interferometry is proposed and successfully applied for the measurement of temperature in diffusion flames. Details of the experimental results and analysis are given. Sensitivity, accuracy of the measurement and spatial resolution of the method are also discussed.
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