The analysis of the relationship between El-Niño–South oscillation and interannual changes in surface air temperature anomalies on the South coast of Crimea is carried out. The El-Niño–South oscillation events are classified during the period from 1950 to 2020 according to the duration, intensity, and onset of the event. Long-range relationships between El-Niño–South oscillation and seasonal variability of surface air temperature anomalies are revealed. The influence of El-Niño on the variability of surface air temperature anomalies in the studied region depends on the duration and intensity of the event. More significant influence is exerted by longer El-Niño events, as well as by shorter but more intensive events. The most influential are El-Niño events of the spring type. In general, El-Niño and La Niña events make a significant contribution to the interannual climate variability on the South coast of Crimea.
Long-term periodicity of arid phenomena on the South coast of Crimea was investigated based on the data of observations at the meteorological station in the Katsiveli settlement for the period from 1984 to 2020. Considered is the change in the annual total duration of dry periods (10 days or more without precipitation). The recurrence of days with abnormal atmospheric precipitation (more than 30 mm per day) in warm and cold periods of the year was studied. The relationship between changes in atmospheric precipitation, air temperature and humidity, and solar activity (Wolf numbers) is traced. The moisture coefficient of Vysotsky-Ivanov, the dryness index, and the hydrothermal coefficient of Selyaninov for warm periods of the year have been determined. The revealed tendencies of increasing temperature and the dryness index along with decreasing precipitation and the moisture coefficient, may be associated with the observed decrease in solar activity, which contributes to decreasing cyclonic activity, decreasing upper and lower cloudiness and, consequently, to decreasing precipitation.
Long-term and seasonal variability has been investigated and trends in the change in the total atmospheric ozone and ultraviolet radiation have been revealed according to the data of observation stations at different latitudes: Arctic polar (Alert), Antarctic polar (Palmer), equatorial zone of the Northern hemisphere (Paramaribo), middle latitudes at the South coast of Crimea (Katsiveli), and the closest Turkish coast across the Black Sea (Samsun). The ecologically negative trends of TO decrease and UV increase in the Arctic are revealed. In Antarctica, there are ecologically positive trends in TO increase and UV decrease, however, during 2019, 2020, TO decreases, and UV increases. In the equatorial zone of the Northern Hemisphere, there is no noticeable increase or decrease in TO. On the South coast of Crimea, an insignificant but ecologically positive trend of TO increase is revealed, which should contribute to a decrease in UV. In contrast to the South coast of Crimea, on the Turkish coast, there is a downward trend in TO, probably due to the prevailing opposite directions of the atmospheric circulation flows over the central northern and southern coasts of the Azov-Black Sea basin.
The relationships of meteorological parameters (total and lower clouds, temperature and relative humidity) with variations in the flux of cosmic rays and solar activity at the South coast of Crimea are considered. The anomalies of cosmic radiation, the solar activity and the considered meteorological parameters are determined. The correlation relationships between the cosmic ray anomalies, solar radiation, cloudiness, air temperature, and air humidity are revealed. The presented data confirm the fact of a significant influence of cosmic ray anomalies and solar activity on the meteorological parameters.
Based on the analysis of hydrometeorological observation data obtained for the period 1981–2018, the regional features of the air temperature over South coast of Crimea in the cold season (December-March) as influenced by atmospheric circulation are studied. The degree of influence of the Northern hemisphere teleconnection patterns (North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic, East Atlantic/West Russian, and Scandinavian) on the surface air temperature variability is analyzed. The extremely cold winters are observed in the region during the weakening of zonal circulation and development of anticyclonic blocking over the Northern Europe and extremely warm – with increased zonal circulation in the Atlantic-European region. This is manifested in the observed combinations of positive and negative phases of the considered modes. It is noted that the observed local air temperature anomalies are also associated with the local circulation as influenced by the complexity of the underlying relief and seasonal interaction of maritime and continental air masses in the coastal zone between the Crimean Mountains southern slope and the Black Sea.
Results of regular observations and data analysis show significant correlation between the total ozone in the atmosphere with cosmic rays and hydrometeorological parameters (air and sea water temperature, humidity, precipitation) at the Black Sea Hydrophysical Proving Ground (BSHPG) located at the Southern Coast of Crimea at synoptic, seasonal and interannual scales of temporal variability. The maximum and minimum annual, monthly, decade, and daily values of total ozone, as well as its long-term norm for South Coast of Crimea, are estimated. The comparative plots of total ozone, cosmic rays intensity and hydrometeorological parameters are analyzed and correlations between them calculated. The obtained results confirm the important role of total ozone as an intermediate link between cosmic and solar radiation fluxes and atmospheric processes governing the formation of climate and weather pattern in the contact zone of marine and continental air masses.
According to long-term hydrometeorological data obtained at the Black Sea Hydrophysical Proving Ground (BSHPG) located on the Southern Coast of Crimea, the analysis of annual, monthly and daily average anomalies of surface air temperature for the period 2012–2016 is performed. The correlations of the of the surface air temperature anomalies with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation (SOI) indices are considered, and an increase in the absolute value of air temperature anomalies in the summer period has been revealed. The negative air temperature anomalies during the winter period, their connection with the regional factor of climate variability (Bora) and atmospheric processes in the European region are considered. A general increase in surface air temperature over South Coast of Crimea during the study period is observed.
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