We propose an optical system of an extremely large telescope for ground-based or planetary use. The system comprises a segmented spherical mirror with a diameter of 100 m and f-number of f / 1. There are three annular zones on the primary mirror, which corresponds to three annular telescopes (ATs) with f-numbers f / 2, f / 3.2, and f / 5.2, all using a concave cardioidal secondary mirror with a maximum diameter of 3.18 m. This two-mirror system satisfies Fermat’s principle and the Abbe’s sine condition. The central zone of the primary mirror with a diameter of 23.8 m is used for the central three-mirror telescope, which is based on an afocal two-mirror system with a convex aspheric secondary mirror with a diameter of 3 m. Four possible configurations are presented for the central telescope, which makes it possible to vary the f-number in a wide range with design examples given for f / 1, f / 4.2, f / 14, and f / 33 systems. The ATs form three coherent images of the same astronomical object, which offers possibilities of simultaneous observations at three different wavelengths or image processing of a combined image with enhanced angular resolution. The main goal of the paper is to investigate the properties of new optical systems for ground-based and space telescopes with a fast spherical primary mirror for which aberration correction is achieved with a minimum number of auxiliary aspheric mirrors near the prime focus.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Spherical lenses, Space telescopes, Optical tracking, Space mirrors, Space observatories, Secondary tip-tilt mirrors, Ray tracing, Reflection
This paper proposes an optical system of the telescope for space research. The system comprises a segmented spherical mirror with a diameter of 10 m and a secondary aspherical mirror. The focal length of the telescope is equal to the radius of a spherical primary mirror. The paraxial focal point of the spherical mirror is aligned with the focal point of the whole system. The closest analog of the proposed optical system is the optical system of the Millimetron space observatory (Spektr-M). The physical aperture ratio of the proposed system is ten times that of the Millimetron telescope with the same overall dimensions. The proposed system rigorously satisfies the Abbe sine condition. The focal length of the system is 7070 mm, and the numerical aperture is 0.7071. The Airy disk diameter of the proposed system is more than ten times smaller than the diffraction circle of the Millimetron telescope. The angular field of the system is determined by the selected image quality criteria and specific wavelength.
Interferometer for figure of large convex hyperboloid mirrors contains concentric meniscus lens and wavefront analyzer for study the wavefront reflected from measured hyperbolic mirror. Concentric lens rotates around the imaginary focus of the tested mirror to measure full surface of the hyperbolic mirror. Main advantage of proposed interferometer is the possibility of figuring the shape of extremely large convex hyperbolic mirrors with a diameter more than 2 meter. In addition, the interferometer may be applied for measure the hyperbolic mirrors with a very large aperture angles in the imaginary geometric focus, for example with the aperture angle of 180° or even more.
The eye-box expansion method using the merging of waveguide and HOE (holographic optical element) is presented. Using the waveguide with the refractive index of 1.7, the wide FoV (field of view) that is up to 60° is achieved. Full color and wide FoV are obtained using 2 waveguides. Projection optical system based on Scheimpflug principle is proposed and designed to compensate large-scale off-axis HOE aberrations. In order to enhance image quality, the projection system is precisely simulated and the grating pitch and alignment are calculated to increase the eye-box and uniformity.
Simple and cost-effective immersion method for freeform optical surface (FFS) measurements is proposed. Method is based on the determination of the borderline curve formed between the contacted immersion liquid and the controlled surface. Proposed method is suitable for measuring polished and rough surfaces, convex and concave freeform, aspheric, spherical surfaces, prisms and another optical and non-optical 3D objects having freeform surface.
The novel design for the compact augmented reality (AR) glasses that utilize holographic optical element (HOE) as a combiner is presented. The wide field of view (FoV) that is larger than 90°, full color and high contrast ratio (CR) are achieved based on the single layer HOE, which has the thickness of 25 μm. In order to implement compactness of AR glasses using HOE combiner, the combination of optical lenses is proposed. In this design, a chromatic aberration and astigmatism, which are caused by highly off-axis projection of the image onto HOE, and the precise wavefront reproduction that maximize the efficiency of the HOE are taken into account simultaneously. The geometrical image distortion is corrected by implementation of image pre-distortion algorithm. The interpupillary distance (IPD) adjustment is applied to compensate small eye box. Based on the design, wearable prototype is introduced. Through the experiments both on benchtop and prototype, at the distance of 2 m, large image with diagonal of 150 inches is displayed.
Nowadays, the main directions of augmented reality (AR) glasses development are: increasing of field of view (FoV) and eye-motion box; reducing weight of AR glasses; solving vergence-accomodation conflict. All these requirements should be obtained and combined with high image quality and decreasing dimensions of AR Glasses. We propose the optical system of AR glasses based on Schmidt Camera scheme for achievement of wide FoV and eye-motion box, and with using of Super Multi-View (SMV) technique for providing multifocal system. Provided optical design has huge benefits: eye motion box about 10 mm and field of view 60° and represents lightweight, eye fatigue free solution with low aberrations. Finally, our system has high opportunities for further modifications and improvements by using different image sources and projection system.
An optical system of a Schmidt-type telescope for orbital detection is proposed. The system contains a spherical mirror and correction plate with one aspherical surface and has the following characteristics: field of view (FoV) is 40 deg, entrance pupil diameter is 2.5 m, diameter of spherical mirror is 4 m, and f-number is 0.74. The system with the described parameters has image spot size of 3.2-mm (RMS) diameter for the axial beam and 4 mm (RMS) on the edge of the FoV, which is less than the diagonal of the detectors square pixel of 3×3 mm2.
A novel miniaturized near-infrared spectrometer readily mountable to wearable devices for continuous monitoring of individual’s key bio-markers was proposed. Spectrum is measured by sequential illuminations with LED’s, having independent spectrum profiles and a continuous detection of light radiations from the skin tissue with a single cell PD. Based on Tikhonov regularization with singular value decomposition, a spectrum resolution less than 10nm was reconstructed based on experimentally measured LED profiles. A prototype covering first overtone band (1500-1800nm) where bio-markers have pronounced absorption peaks was fabricated and verified of its performance. Reconstructed spectrum shows that the novel concept of miniaturized spectrometer is valid.
Non-contact methods for testing of large rotationally symmetric convex aspheric mirrors are proposed. These methods
are based on non-null testing with side illumination schemes, in which a narrow collimated beam is reflected from the
meridional aspheric profile of a mirror. The figure error of the mirror is deduced from the intensity pattern from the
reflected beam obtained on a screen, which is positioned in the tangential plane (containing the optical axis) and
perpendicular to the incoming beam. Testing of the entire surface is carried out by rotating the mirror about its optical
axis and registering the characteristics of the intensity pattern on the screen. The intensity pattern can be formed using
three different techniques: modified Hartman test, interference and boundary curve test. All these techniques are well
known but have not been used in the proposed side illumination scheme. Analytical expressions characterizing the shape
and location of the intensity pattern on the screen or a CCD have been developed for all types of conic surfaces. The
main advantage of these testing methods compared with existing methods (Hindle sphere, null lens, computer generated
hologram) is that the reference system does not require large optical components.
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