Multilayer perceptron (MLP) as universal approximator may be used for fast retrieval of atmospheric parameters such as
vertical profiles of temperature, humidity and concentration of absorbing gases from high-resolution infrared spectra
measured by satellite sensors. On the one hand, the number of spectral channels even necessary for retrieval of particular
atmospheric parameter is very high, so practical use of MLP needs for effective compression of spectral data with
tolerable loss of accuracy. On the other hand, algorithm of error back propagation becomes more effective if the input
data vector contains uncorrelated values with zero means, their covariance are approximately equal, and information
content of training set is maximized. The modified method of principal components (or empirical orthogonal functions
expansion) satisfies to all above requirements. The MLP may be constructed using relevant truncated vectors of principal
components as input and output data. Such MLP has fewer dimensions (the number of input, output and hidden neurons)
and requires less time for training than MLP using the high-resolution spectrum as input vector and set of vertical
profiles of atmospheric parameters as output vector.
The developed technique was applied to AIRS observations to retrieve temperature, humidity and methane content. The
empirical orthogonal functions were obtained as eigenvectors of matrix G = Se-1/2SRSe-1/2, where SR is sample
covariance matrix built on real AIRS measurements over given region, and Se is error covariance matrix characterizing
the sensor. The set of measured and model profiles as well as surface temperature and pressure were used for
construction of empirical orthogonal functions to represent output data of MLP as truncated expansion. Error profiles
and examples of temperature and methane maps are presented.
Here we present a Principal Components (PCs) method of retrieval of the HDO/H2O vertical profile using atmospheric
radiances observed from space by sensor like IMG as well as atmospheric transmittance spectra observed by ground
based FTIR. The method is based on the expansion of the retrieved profile on eigenvectors of covariance matrix of
model profiles extracted from the isotopic Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM). A priori information of
covariance matrix compensates partially the lack of information containing in weighting functions for HDO in lower
atmospheric layer (0-1 km) and layers above 10 km. Error estimation of the retrieval scheme was made using closed
model computations with synthetic spectra ofIMG and known sets of T, H20, HDO profiles and its value is within 8% -
70% for vertical profile and not greater than l8% for columnar value of HDO/H20 ratio. The method was applied to
IMG/ADEOS spectra measured over the ocean in clear sky conditions. Latitudinal distributions ofHDO/H20 profile and
columnar HDO/H20 ratio are retrieved over Pacific Ocean for the time interval from winter of 1996 to summer of 1997.
The retrieved HDO/H20 from IMG/ADEOS data and simulated with isotopic AGCM are in a good agreement.
FTIR is Poker Flat high resolution ground based Fourier transform spectrometer for up-looking observation of
atmosphere in the spectral range from 750-4300 cm-1 with resolution 0.0019 cm-1 and high signal to noise ratio. The
spectrometer is located at the Poker Flat Research Range (Altitude 0.61km; latitude 65.11N; longitude 147.42W) of the
Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Poker Flat FTS is operating from 1999, observation modes
are atmospheric emission and solar radiation absorption. The measured atmospheric traiismittances are supported by
sonde observations of T and water vapour profiles. The HDO/H20 PCs retrieval method was also adapted for using the
high spectral resolution atmospheric transmittances observed by FTIR. Linear regression of PCs of the HDO/H20
profiles was obtained in this case. Error estimation of the retrieval scheme was made using closed model computations
with synthetic spectra ofthe FTIR and known sets of T, H20, HDO profiles and its value is within 6% - 67% for vertical
profile but not greater than lO% for columnar value of HDO/H20 ratio. As an example, HDO/H20 vertical profiles were
retrieved using a few samples of FTIR spectra observed at the Poker Flat Research Range from 2000 to 2004 and
compared with isotope AGCM outputs for Alaska's atmosphere.
General regular methods of solution of ill-posed inverse problems and their application to geophysical sounding of Earth
interior were developing during long time at Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of Ural Branch of RAS. In this
paper we apply the developed regular methods of solution of the inverse problems for retrieval of vertical temperature
profiles from high-resolution thermal emission spectra of atmosphere observed at nadir.
Synthetic spectra of sensor like 1MG have been used to test the methods in frame of computational experiments of
retrieval of vertical temperature profile. These synthetic spectra were simulated for clear sky weak aerosol atmosphere
with line-by-line forward model FIRE-ARMS then convoluted with 1MG instrumental line shape function, arid
equivalent nose of 1MG was added. In order to retrieve vertical temperature profile within 0-70 km, we used emission
spectra of atmosphere of CO2 band in the range of 680-830 cm-1. The computational experiments showed good
convergence of all methods started from different initial guess profiles to the target T-profile (known T-profile) with
average standard deviation in troposphere within 1K. Deviations of different methods are within 1.5 K.
The methods were also applied to temperature retrieval from real data of VIRTEM measurements when emission spectra
of the atmosphere were obtained simultaneously with measurements of temperature and humidity profiles over water
surface using airplane for elevations up to 8 km. It's shown that the regular methods of solution of inverse problem allow
retrieving temperature profile from down-looking high-resolution atmospheric emission spectra with acceptable
accuracy even if initial guess atmospheric states are quite far from the target T-profile.
A feedforward neural network has been developed for retrieval of the Deuterium to Hydrogen ratio (D/H) in atmospheric water vapour from high resolution atmospheric radiances observed from space. The learning and test sets for the neural network training were created by forward simulation of atmospheric emission spectra using FIRE - ARMS for a large set of given temperature, humidity and D/H vertical profiles. The D/H profiles were generated using output from an atmospheric GCM including isotope tracers. The developed neural network was applied for retrieval of total atmospheric column D/H from IMG/ADEOS data over the ocean. A latitudinal distribution of D/H was obtained. The results are in agreement with latitudinal distribution of D/H in the atmosphere obtained from the IMG/ADEOS data earlier by using conventional retrieval methodology. However, the neural network has better accuracy. The stability of the neural network retrieval scheme with di®erent noise levels of the sensor is investigated, and we discuss the possibility of applying the neural network technique to the retrieval of D/H vertical profiles from TES/AURA spectra.
Free energy balance of the Earth is considered in this paper. To drive all meteorological and biotic processes and support own non-equilibrium stationary state the climate system consumes the net free energy, which is determined by difference between incoming free energy flux of solar radiation and total outgoing free energy flux of both reflected solar radiation and emitted to Space thermal radiation of the Earth-atmosphere system. The net free energy at the top of the
atmosphere is considered as primary resource of the Earth climate system. Monitoring of the primary resource of the Earth is very important for deeper understanding and prediction of the Global Change. Method for calculation of the free energy fluxes at the top of the atmosphere using spectrometry data (radiances) of the Earth's thermal emitted and reflected solar radiation in entire spectral region from microwave to ultra violet is developed in this paper. Conception of long-term global monitoring of the net free energy flux at the top of the atmosphere using high-resolution spectrometry from
Space is considered. Suitable set of sensors and scheme of observations to measure the planet radiances from Space for the monitoring are discussed.
To quantify carbon exchange fluxes in subarctic peatlands, new techniques and software for monitoring of methane using high-resolution emission spectra of atmosphere observed from Space have been developed. Neural network technique is promissing for nstantaneous retrieval of methane content in atmosphere from huge amount of data provided by AIRS/AQUA sensor. IMG/ADEOS data, FIRE-ARMS forward simulations and retrieval of methane profiles from IMG spectra on the base of constrained optimization were used for the purposes of validation of the neural network techniques applied to AIRS/AQUA data.
Preliminary maps of methane content in atmosphere of the permafrost boundary zone in Western Siberia are obtained from AIRS/AQUA data.
Methodology of the Deuterium/Hydrogen (D/H) ratio retrieval based on high-resolution infrared spectra observed by space sensors has been described. Simulated atmospheric radiance in the spectral range of 650-2500 cm-1 for the case of nadir observation from satellite with resolution of about 0.1 cm-1 is investigated aiming to find appropriate signals of isotopes of greenhouse gases. Signals corresponding to an atmospheric water vapor isotopomer, HDO, were selected. These signals were identified in Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases (IMG) spectra observed during Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) mission. The developed method includes the following stages: temperature profile retrieval with aerosol correction, H2O and HDO profiles and their column amounts retrieval, and D/H ratio determination. The method has been applied to the analysis of the IMG/ADEOS data identified as to be observed under clear sky conditions over an ocean area between 80S-80N and 130-170W to determining D/H column amount ratios. The latitudinal distribution of D/H ratio for a short period in December 1996 was obtained.
Some developments that are planned to be included into an information system for atmospheric applications are considered. A fast algorithm to retrieve temperature, pressure, and mixing ration altitude profiles of the atmosphere composition from high-resolution spectra that are recorded by the interferometer of a new generation on the satellite platform is discussed. The algorithm is distinguished by the analytical computation of the derivatives, entered the inverse calculations, and by the regularization technique. Validating this code, the MITI's IMG data, recorded on board NASDA's ADEOS satellite, is used in order to retrieve a realistic temperature profile of the low atmosphere up to altitudes of 20 km.
Monochromatic red light irradiation therapy of trophic skin affections with vascular patients permits to receive positive results with small wounds. A combination of monochromatic red light and hyperbaric oxygenation is most perspective when conducting a complex therapy of trophic wounds not more than 40 mm2 and allows to diminish time of treatment almost two times.
Conditions of development of explosive resonance absorption of power radiation of technological CO2 laser in atmosphere have been obtained. Time evolution of vibrational temperature of carbon dioxide and translational temperature of atmosphere in the cross-section of Gauss beam have been calculated. Mechanism of explosive absorption of CO2 laser radiation by water vapor is discussed.
Laser microscopic videofluorimetric device has been constructed. Specifically induced spectral characteristics of malignant and healthy tissues fluorescence in the region of 280 - 770 nm have been developed. New experimental results of malignancies identification and their diagnosis have been obtained.
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