Conductive self-healing (SH) hydrogels have been receiving significant attention benefiting from the behavior of living tissue to improve the design of health monitoring systems and soft robotics with the ability of repairing damages autonomously. Herein, we propose a novel approach of high-resolution 3D printing of ion-conductive SH hydrogel realized by high-speed continuous printing of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on physical crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) combined with chemical/ionic crosslinking of acrylic acid and ferric chloride. The 3D printed hydrogel can fully recover the mechanical properties after 12 h without any external stimulus, and the ionic conductivity enables strain and pressure sensing capabilities.
In this work, we report rapid, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) printing of piezoelectric composite structures via micro continuous liquid interface production (μCLIP). We formulated chemically functionalized, photo-curable resins using piezoelectric nanoparticles (PiezoNPs) such as barium titanate (BTO) and achieved 3D printings of high-resolution composite structures with piezoelectric performance comparable to other vat-polymerization-based works but come at drastically boosted speeds. Proof-of-concept demonstrations utilizing the composite further validate its capability in a variety of flexible and wearable sensing applications.
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