Although CD4+ T-cells are an important target of HIV detection, there have been still major problems in making a
diagnosis and monitoring in the third world and the region with few medical facilities. Then, it is necessary to use
portable diagnosis devices at low cost when you put an enumeration of CD4+ T-cells. In general, the counting of CD4
below 200cells/uL makes it necessary to initiate antiretroviral treatment in adults (over 13 years old). However,
lymphocyte subsets (including CD4 counts) of infants and young children are higher than those of adults. This fact
shows the percentage of CD4+ T-cells of blood subsets, i.e., CD4/CD45%, CD4/CD8% or CD4/CD3% means a more
reliable indicator of HIV infection than absolute counts in children. To know the percentage of CD4+ T-cell by using
two fluorescent dyes of different emission wavelength, at least, one laser and two PMT detectors are in general needed.
Then, it is so hard to develop a portable device like a 'toaster size' because this makes such a device more complex
including many peripheral modules. In this study, we developed a novel technique to control the intensity of fluorescent
dye-doped silica nanoparticles. I synthesized FITC-doped silica nanoparticles conjugated CD4 antibody 10 times
brighter than FITC-conjugated CD45 antibody. With the difference of intensity of two fluorescent dyes, we measured
two parameters by using only a single detector and laser. Most experiments were achieved with uFACS
(microfabricated fluorescence-activated cell sorter) on an inverted microscope (IX71, Olympus). In conclusion, this
method enables us to discriminate the difference between CD4 and CD45 in an intensity domain simultaneously.
Furthermore, this technique would make it possible develop much cheaper and smaller devices which can count the
number of CD4 T-cells.
A combined microchannel-type erythrocyte deformability test with optical tweezers has been developed especially for more sensitive detection of cancerous diseases. To demonstrate the performance and sensitivity of the microchannel-type method, we measured the transit velocity of individual erythrocytes passing through a specific confinement region and calculated the modified elongation index defined by the ratio of the width of the microchannel to the elongated length of the squeezed erythrocytes. To know exactly the effect of optical tweezers on erythrocytes, we investigated several morphologies of optically deformed erythrocytes and measured the shape recovery time of erythrocytes in a static aqueous solution under various powers (~ 24 mW) of 1064-nm laser by a dual-trap optical tweezers. Finally we combined these two methods by considering the key parameters of erythrocyte deformability. The results show that the ambiguity of the overlapped experimental data from microchannel-type erythrocyte deformability test was conspicuously reduced, and that the subtle change (≈ 100-200 ms) in shape recovery time which is one of mechanical properties of erythrocyte membrane surface was remarkably amplified to readily discriminate the difference (≈ 2-3 s) between normal and cancerous blood. This suggests the combined method is more sensitive enough to pinpoint the minor quantitative differences between individual erythrocytes, especially in the field of cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
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