Laser-induced sound (LGS) technology is an effective method for achieving node-free communication from air to underwater environments. This paper introduces a frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation method to enhance the stability of LGS communication. By controlling the time intervals between laser pulses to generate laser pulses with different repetition frequencies, sound signals are produced underwater based on the thermal expansion mechanism. At the receiving end, decoding is achieved by leveraging the energy differences in laser-induced sound signals of varying repetition frequencies. Experimental results demonstrate that the FSK modulation method provides superior communication performance. Compared to the traditional on-off keying (OOK) modulation method, FSK modulation effectively prevents decoding errors caused by interference between pulses, thereby enhancing the stability and reliability of communication.
The chlorophyll content in seawater seriously affects the inherent optical properties of seawater and the light transmission characteristics. This paper investigates the relationship between inherent optical properties and chlorophyll concentration in seawater applicable to class 1 seawater and part of class 2 seawater. The transmission of 405 nm violet and 532 nm green laser beams in seawater with a chlorophyll concentration range of 0-12 mg/m3 was simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The light field distribution, the on-axis laser energy, and the variation of the laser spot size with the transmission distance were obtained. The simulation results show that the transmission characteristics of 405 nm light are better for near-shore seawater with high chlorophyll concentration, while the transmission distance is longer for 532 nm light in the clearer deep-sea region. The study of the effect of chlorophyll content in seawater on light transmission characteristics can provide theoretical guidance for marine laser communication, lidar and laser underwater imaging, and other marine equipment.
A portable laser induced fluorescence (LIF) lidar is designed and developed for oil pollution monitoring. A 405nm violet light is used as excitation light source. A dual Amici prism spectroscopic structure to split the fluorescence signal in the spectral range of 450-1000nm, and an image intensifier combined with array CCD to achieve high sensitivity detection. The system integrates control, data acquisition and data processing modules, which can realize the real-time detection of the composition and content of pollutants. The fluorescence spectra of seawater, diesel oil, oil and crude oil were measured at 30m. The spectra of diesel oil, engine oil and crude oil with concentration at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.01mg/L are measured. The LIF oil pollution monitoring system can accurately distinguish oil spill pollutants such as type and grade. It has small volume, light weight, high integration, high detection sensitivity and good stability characteristics, which can be loaded in small aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles, ships for oil spill remote sensing.
Visible light-based positioning (VLP) is envisioned to be a promising solution to indoor positioning, orientation, and navigation because of the widespread use of light-emitting diodes for illumination. At present, several VLP schemes have been proposed, with most researchers using the line-of-sight channel and ignore the multipath reflection. However, some research works have shown that multipath reflections degrade the performance of VLP systems greatly. We propose an optimization positioning method based on reflected light depolarization characteristics to subtract the multipath reflection signals from the received signals, which can eliminate or mitigate the impact of multipath reflection to improve positioning accuracy. Further, a model is established theoretically, and simulations are carried out in a 0.82 m × 0.82 m × 0.62 m area. The simulation results show that the average positioning error and maximal error are reduced by 94.9% and 85.1%, respectively, when using the method. In the experiments, the performances are assessed and match well with our simulation results, achieving an average positioning error of 4.2 cm and a maximal positioning error of 8.4 cm, corresponding to a decrease of 62.5% and 66.0%.
In this paper, a low-cost signal delay generator which can be used for lidar range gating is developed and implemented by MC100EP195 delay chip and STM32 microcomputer. LabVIEW is used to write the upper computer control software, and 4 delay chips cascade is adopted to realize 0-40ns delay range. By controlling the encoder and the upper computer, the delay accuracy of 10ps can be obtained. The inherent delay of the generator is 10ns, which can meet the requirements of lidar range gated detection and other high precision applications.
A portable laser induced fluorescence (LIF) lidar system (total weight about 5 kg) was developed for real-time remote sensing oil in aquatic environment. LIF lidar consists of 405nm semiconductor laser, receiving telescope, double Amici prism spectrometer and ICCD detecting system, which can detect fluorescence signal in the spectral range of 400-750 nm. In the laboratory, the fluorescence spectra of water samples with different oil concentration were investigated. The contents of oil were calculated using the ratio between fluorescence and intensity. The LIF lidar system has the advantages of compact configuration and low cost, which is promising for monitoring water quality rapidly. The portable system can be installed on small aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles, ships, and shore platform for remote monitoring aquatic environments.
KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, LIDAR, Analog electronics, 3D image processing, 3D acquisition, Image processing, 3D image reconstruction, Signal processing, Control systems, Process control
A precise delay system for a streak tube imaging lidar (STIL) is developed. Two delay schemes are designed that are suitable for long- and short-distance lidar imaging. The digital scheme delay can reach 100 μs, and its precision is <6 ns; the analog scheme delay can reach 1200 ns and its precision is <1 ns. Using the STIL system, three-dimensional (3-D) imaging experiments are carried out on land targets at about 2.3-km range and underwater targets at about 25-m range. The experimental results show that the designed delay device can produce precise delay times and effectively verify the 3-D imaging quality of the STIL. This device also has the advantages of stable operation, being more compact, and requiring less power than existing instruments.
Method of homogenization of CO2 laser heating by means of metal gauze is researched theoretically and experimentally. Distribution of light-field of expanded beam passing through metal gauze was numerically calculated with diffractive optical theory and the conclusion is that method is effective, with comparing the results to the situation without metal gauze. Experimentally, using the 30W DC discharge laser as source and enlarging beam by concave lens, with and without metal gauze, beam intensity distributions in thermal paper were compared, meanwhile the experiments based on thermal imager were performed. The experimental result was compatible with theoretical calculation, and all these show that the homogeneity of CO2 laser heating could be enhanced by metal gauze.
Laser Induce Fluorescence (LIF) is a widely used new telemetry technology. It obtains information about oil spill and oil film thickness by analyzing the characteristics of stimulated fluorescence and has an important application in the field of rapid analysis of water composition. A set of LIF detection system for marine oil pollution is designed in this paper, which uses 355nm high-energy pulsed laser as the excitation light source. A high-sensitivity image intensifier is used in the detector. The upper machine sends a digital signal through a serial port to achieve nanoseconds range-gated width control for image intensifier. The target fluorescence spectrum image is displayed on the image intensifier by adjusting the delay time and the width of the pulse signal. The spectral image is coupled to CCD by lens imaging to achieve spectral display and data analysis function by computer. The system is used to detect the surface of the floating oil film in the distance of 25m to obtain the fluorescence spectra of different oil products respectively. The fluorescence spectra of oil products are obvious. The experimental results show that the system can realize high-precision long-range fluorescence detection and reflect the fluorescence characteristics of the target accurately, with broad application prospects in marine oil pollution identification and oil film thickness detection.
A high frame rate streak tube imaging lidar (STIL) for real-time 3D imaging of underwater targets is presented in this paper. The system uses 532nm pulse laser as the light source, the maximum repetition rate is 120Hz, and the pulse width is 8ns. LabVIEW platform is used in the system, the system control, synchronous image acquisition, 3D data processing and display are realized through PC. 3D imaging experiment of underwater target is carried out in a flume with attenuation coefficient of 0.2, and the images of different depth and different material targets are obtained, the imaging frame rate is 100Hz, and the maximum detection depth is 31m. For an underwater target with a distance of 22m, the high resolution 3D image real-time acquisition is realized with range resolution of 1cm and space resolution of 0.3cm, the spatial relationship of the targets can be clearly identified by the image. The experimental results show that STIL has a good application prospect in underwater terrain detection, underwater search and rescue, and other fields.
This paper presents a kind of miniature handheld laser fluorescence spectrometer, which integrates a laser emission system, a spectroscopic system, and a detection system into a volume of 100×50×20 mm3. A universal serial bus interface is connected to PC for data processing and spectrum display. The emitted laser wavelength is 405 nm. A spectral range is 400 to 760 nm and 2-nm optical resolution has been achieved. This spectrometer has the advantages of compact structure, small volume, high sensitivity, and low cost.
We present an optical receiving system for LIF lidar using a direct view spectrometer based on holographic grating prism. The proposed receiving optical system consists of receiving telescope, slit, collimating lens, holographic grating prism, objective lens and ICCD camera. The receiving optical system based on this dispersion structure can not only reduces the optical distortion to offer a high optical efficiency, but also has a more compact structure which is very suitable for spectral dispersion of remote target. The system adopted an intensifier coupled a CCD to make up an ICCD camera. Based on real-time background subtraction algorithm, 60fps fluorescence spectrum can be obtained in real time. System validation experiment uses a semiconductor laser as excitation source to illuminate oil target to radiate fluorescence at a distance of 30 m. The fluorescent signal is received by the set up LIF lidar receiving optical system, and clear spectrum image is obtained. The designed in-line, direct view configuration holographic grating prism spectrometer owns the advantages of high light throughput, less optical distortions, compact structure, small volume and easy operation, which make a practical portable receiving optical system.
In this paper, we present a prism spectrometer that exploits a double Amici prism dispersion structure. The system consists of a slit, a collimating lens, a double Amici prism, an imaging lens and a CCD. The incident light enter into slit, and then is paralleled by a collimating lens to the double Amici prism. The double Amici prism is used to realize spectral dispersion. The dispersed light is collected by an imaging lens and image on the photosensitive surface of the CCD. The dispersion resolution is theoretical analyzed from the ray tracing point of view. In addition, the imaging position on CCD element at different wavelength is presented according to nonlinear curve of dispersion. The designed prism spectrometer can obtain a high light throughput and less optical distortion spectrum in the spectral range of 370-700nm. In experiment, we measured the spectral resolution of the designed prism spectrometer at five wavelength used a grating monochromator. The designed in-line, direct view configuration prism spectrometer owns the advantages of high light throughput, less optical distortions, compact structure, small volume and easy operation, which has important role in application of laser spectral measurement especially laser remote sensing spectral detection.
A method using rotating Fabry–Perot (FP) mirror to measure CO2 laser wavelength was developed. The variation of FP transmittance changing with laser incident angle was calculated theoretically and the variation curve was given. The calculation illustrates that the variation of FP reflectance with incident angle 0 to 30 deg has little effect on the transmittance of FP. In the experiments, the CO2 laser transmittance variation of FP was measured at a wavelength of 9.27 μm. To improve the measurement precision of the laser wavelength, the method using the centrosymmetric peaks of FP transmittance curve in the range from −20 to +20 deg of laser incident angle was proposed. The precision of the measurement is about 0.01 μm. The experiment result is consistent with theoretical analysis, which demonstrates the feasibility of the laser wavelength measurement using rotating FP method.
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