Fiber optic shape sensing has a great potential for diverse medical and industrial applications to measure curvatures and even shapes. Featuring small footprint, strong immunity to radiation and high flexibility integration, fiber optic shape sensing opens up a new era in the fields of position tracking, human wearable devices, catheter navigation, bending detection and deformation monitoring. This paper focuses on a branch of fiber optic shape sensing techniques, with an emphasis on shape sensing based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Key technologies of shape sensing based on FBG are introduced in detail together with a critical view of its evolutionary trend. In addition, the major problems that exist in FBG shape sensing have been discussed in the end.
Flexible grid optical networks (FGONs), a.k.a. elastic optical networks, have attracted intensive research interest due to its advantage over the traditional wavelength division multiplexing optical networks in accommodating diverse services with high spectral flexibility and utilization efficiency. Sophisticated routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithms are the key enabling technologies to realize the flexibility and the efficiency in FGONs, but most of these RSA algorithms neglected some small-sized, isolated spectral bands generated in the spectrum allocation procedures. These spectral bands, known as spectrum fragments, are caused by the continuity and the contiguity constraints in spectrum allocation and can hardly be utilized by the successive service requests. With the accumulation of spectrum fragments, the available resources of FGONs can be exhausted and their networking performance will be greatly affected. Therefore, spectrum fragmentation has become an important issue in FGONs, and many defragmentation algorithms, including both the preventive and the reactive spectrum defragmentation algorithms, have been proposed to reduce spectrum fragments. In this paper, we will review the current defragmentation algorithms for FGONs and analyze the characteristics of these algorithms first. Given the fact that most of the current defragmentation algorithms were designed for the point-to-point services in FGONs, we will then address the issue of designing the defragmentation algorithms for other kinds of services (e.g. multicast services) in FGONs. After that, we will demonstrate a spectrum defragmentation algorithm for multicast services in FGONs together with its simulation results.
Nowadays, with the increasing complexity of network structure and the application of diverse kinds of services, some problems, such as multicast-enabled routing, spectrum allocation and traffic protection, have become complicated in elastic optical networks (EONs). Since the transmission failure in EONs may lead to traffic interruption and thus causes serious economic loss, their ability to provide different modes of transmission, including unicast and multicast transmissions, with survivability is highly desirable. In this paper, aiming at improving the service blocking performance in realizing efficient protection for multicast services in EONs, we propose a leaf-looping based multicast protection algorithm, namely Multicast Protection with Leaf Loops (MPLL), which divides the destination nodes of multicast services into several groups according to their distance and constructs one loop for each group to provide protection for each destination node in the group. In constructing each destination loop, the shortest path algorithm is employed to minimize the cost of each generated loop. Besides, distance-adaptive spectrum allocation strategy is adopted for resource assignment to reduce the spectrum consumption in the proposed algorithm. In the research of protection technology, traditional P-cycle technology is an efficient optical network protection strategy, which has the characteristics of fast loop recovery speed and effective network recovery capacity. However, the P-cycle protection technology is pre-computed, which cannot meet the requirements of dynamic recovery. The leaf loops proposed in this paper are generated dynamically according to the destination nodes generated by each service, and can meet the dynamic business requirements. In addition, under the same blocking conditions, MPLL saves more path resources than P-cycle based algorithms in the protection path. Simulation results show that the proposed MPLL algorithm can realize multicast protection for EONs with low service blocking probability and high flexibility.
With the increased quantity of Internet traffic, improving spectrum utilization has become a hot topic in the field of optical communication. However, the traditional wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks assign a constant spectral bandwidth (e.g. 50-GHz) to heterogeneous services and thus have limited flexibility and efficiency in spectrum utilization during service accommodation. In order to improve the efficiency in accommodating diverse services with heterogeneous bandwidth requirements, elastic optical networks (EONs) have been proposed. In these networks, spectrum resources can be allocated to different services flexibly according to their respective bandwidth requirements, so that the flexibility and efficiency of spectrum utilization can be remarkably improved. But the spectrum continuity and contiguity constraints in spectrum allocation may induce some isolated, non-aligned and small-sized spectrum segments, which are known as spectrum fragments. With the accumulation of spectrum fragments, the available spectral resources can be exhausted and the networking performance can be affected. Thus, spectrum fragmentation has become an important issue in EONs, and many algorithms have been proposed to reduce the number of spectrum fragments. Among these proposed algorithms, most of them were focus on the defragmentation along normal working paths for services, which might induce traffic disruption for existing service connections and had limited survivability for transmission failure. In order to alleviate the traffic interruption in spectrum defragmentation and improve the survivability for any link failure in transmission, we propose a spectrum defragmentation algorithm based on path-switching mechanism for 1+1 protection in EONs in this paper. Different from previous protection-path-based defragmentation algorithms, the proposed algorithm employs path-switching mechanism to realize active switching between the working path and the protection path according to the usage of the spectrum in the network, so that the two paths can be regarded as their mutual backup paths in the spectrum defragmentation along each of them. In this way, the protection path cannot only provide the survivability for the working path, but also alleviate the traffic disruption during the defragmentation along the working path, while the working path can alleviate the traffic disruption during the defragmentation along the protection path. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can realize low blocking probability with reduced traffic disruption for 1+1 protection in EONs.
With the rapid growth of some novel services (e.g. video services), the demand for network bandwidth increases dramatically, which induces an intensive desire in allocating network bandwidth with high flexibility and efficiency. However, the traditional wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks lack mechanism to realize dynamic and efficiency resource allocation. Therefore, elastic optical networks (EONs) have been proposed to accommodate diverse services with heterogeneous network bandwidth and many techniques have been introduced into EONs. Among them, advanced reservation (AR) technique, which has obvious advantage in improving networking performance, has attracted growing interest. Thus, some algorithms employing AR technique have been proposed for EONs. In the traditional slack-based AR algorithm, the starting-time of arriving services can be postponed to release any possible conflicts between the AR services and other existing services, so as to increase the success probability of accommodating the arriving services. However, the traditional algorithm neglected spectrum fragments remained in the network. In this paper, we proposed an Invalid Spectrum Rate (ISR) based scheduling with advance reservation algorithm to optimize the starting-time of arriving services with a comprehensive consideration of both the allocated spectrum and the fragmented spectrum in monitoring the usage of the spectrum before services arrive. In addition, a network load threshold is set on the basis of ISR to trigger the postponement of an arriving request, which help reduce the service blocking probability. The performance of the ISR based scheduling algorithm with different thresholds and different delay times are evaluated by comprehensive simulations and implementations. Experimental results verify that a lower network load and service blocking probability can be achieved by the proposed algorithm compared with the traditional AR algorithm.
Conference Committee Involvement (1)
2021 International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology: Optical Communication and Optical Signal Processing
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